Unit 4: Social Problems and Malpractices

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Unit -4 

 पाठ - १ 

सामाजिक विकृति अन्त्य गरौँ

 This unit highlights the various social problems and malpractices that hinder societal progress, such as discrimination, corruption, superstitions, and substance abuse. It discusses their causes, impacts, and the need for collective efforts to address them.

The chapter emphasizes education, awareness, and cooperation as key solutions to overcoming these issues and creating a healthier, more equitable society.

 

१. सीता र रमितामध्ये तपाइँलाई कसको बानी व्यवहार मन पर्यो, किन ?

 

Answer 👉 सीता र रमितामध्ये मलाई सीताको बानी व्यवहार मन पयो । किनभने सीतालाई फजुल खर्च र देखासिकी राम्रो होइन । यसले कसैलाई पनि फाइदा गर्दैन भन्ने थाहा थियो । उनी सामाजिक विकृतिमा नलाग्ने, सभ्य र असल स्वभावकी थिइन् ।

 

 

२. फजुल खर्च गर्ने तपाइँको साथीलाई के सल्लाह दिनुहुन्छ ?

 

Answer 👉 फजुल खर्च गर्ने बानी सामाजिक विकृति हो । यसले समाजमा विभिन्न किसिमका सामाजिक समस्या देखिन्छन् । फजुल खर्चले परिवारमा भैझगडा हुने, पारिवारिक विखण्डन आउने जस्ता समस्या पनि देखिएको छ । तसर्थ सानै उमेरदेखि फजुल खर्च गर्ने बानी राम्रो होइन भनी म फजुल खर्च गर्ने साथीलाई सल्लाह दिन चाहन्छु ।

 

 

३. दाइजो लिनु दिनु राम्रो कार्य होइन, किन ?

 

Answer 👉 दाइजो लिनु दिनु सामाजिक विकृति हो । दाइजो प्रथाका कारण समाजमा विभिन्न सामाजिक समस्या देखापरेका छन् । यसकै कारण घरेलु हिंसासमेत बढेको पाइन्छ । हत्या, आत्महत्याका घटनासमेत दाइजोको कारण भएको छ । तसर्थ दाइजो दिनु लिनु राम्रो कार्य होइन ।

 

 

४. पछिल्लो समयमा देखासिकीका कारण चाडपर्व बढी तडक भडक र भड्किला देखिन्छन् । यस्तो अवस्थालाई नियन्त्रणका लागि के गर्नुपर्ला ? आफ्नो विचार लेख्नुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 पछिल्लो समयमा देखासिकीका कारण चाडपर्वमा बढी तडक भडक र भड्किला देखिन्छन् । यस्तो अवस्थालाई नियन्त्रणका लागि निम्न कार्य गर्नुपर्छ :-

 

(क) सचेतना जगाउने 

(ख) तडक भडक गर्नेलाई कारबाहीको व्यवस्था गर्ने 

(ग) चाडपर्वको सांस्कृतिक र धार्मिक महत्व बोध गराउने 

(घ) सादा जीवन उच्च विचार भएकालाई सम्मान गर्ने परिपाटी चलाउने ।

 

 

५. दाइजो विरुद्ध सचेतना जगाउने पोस्टर तयार पार्नुहोस् ।

 Answer 👉  Do yourself

 

६. फजुल खर्च नियन्त्रण गर्ने उपाय समेटिएका नारा तयार पारी कक्षामा सुनाउनुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 फजुल खर्च नियन्त्रण गर्ने उपाय समेटिएका नारा :-

'जन्मदिन, विवाह, व्रतबन्ध आदिमा हुने फजुल खर्च कटौती गरौँ सभ्य, संस्कारी र असल नागरिकको परिचय दिऔं ।'

'देखासिकी र ईर्ष्या त्याग्नु नै फजुल खर्च नियन्त्रण गर्ने उत्तम उपाय हो ।'

'फजुल खर्च नियन्त्रण गर्ने बानी ।'

'सभ्य र संस्कारी बनाऔँ आफ्ना नानी ।'

 

 

 

पाठ - २ 

सामाजिक समस्या

 

 

१. बौद्धिक पलायन भनेको के हो ?

 

Answer 👉 उच्च शिक्षा तथा रोजगारीका लागि वा थप अवसरको खोजीमा देशको बौद्धिक जनशक्ति विकसित देशमा जाने र त्यहाँ शिक्षा, सिप र दक्षता हासिल गरिसकेपछि विकसित देशमा नै रोजगारी गरी बसोबास गर्ने समस्यालाई बौद्धिक पलायन भनिन्छ ।

 

 

२. लागुपदार्थ दुर्व्यसनबाट कसरी बच्न सकिन्छ ? उल्लेख गर्नुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 लागुपदार्थ दुर्व्यसनबाट बच्न निम्न कार्य गर्नुपर्छ :-

(क) देखासिकी नगर्ने र लहैलहैमा नलाग्ने 

(ख) बालबालिकाको सङ्गत कस्तो छ भनी अभिभावकले जानकारी राख्ने 

(ग) लागुपदार्थ सेवन गर्नेलाई सम्झाउने, बुझाउने र कर्तव्य बुझाउने 

(घ) जनचेतनामूलक कार्यक्रम सञ्चालन गर्ने 

(ङ) परिवारमा पारिवारिक वातावरण कायम गर्ने र कसैले पनि लागुपदार्थ दुर्व्यस नगर्ने 

(च) विद्यालयले पनि आफ्ना विद्यार्थीको बारेमा व्यवहार अवलोकन गर्ने ।

 

 

३. भ्रष्टाचार भनेको के हो ?

 

Answer 👉 नेपाल सरकार वा सार्वजनिक संस्थालाई आवश्यक पर्ने कुनै वस्तु वा सेवा खरिद गर्दा, भाडामा लिँदा वा दिँदा, ठेक्कापट्टा लिँदा वा दिँदा कुनै किसिमको कमिसन, पारिश्रमिक, दली दस्तुर, सुविधा वा लाभ प्राप्त गर्नुलाई भ्रष्टाचार भनिन्छ ।

 

 

४. भ्रष्टाचारले समाज र व्यक्तिको जीवनमा कस्ता असर पार्न सक्छ ? उल्लेख गर्नुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 भ्रष्टाचारले गर्दा राज्यको सम्पत्तिको दुरुपयोग हुन्छ । विकासका लागि भनेर छुट्याइएको स्रोत र साधन लक्षित वर्गसम्म नपुग्ने खतरा हुन्छ । देशको आर्थिक तथा सामाजिक विकासले गति लिन सक्दैन । त्यस्तै काम समयमा नहुने, काममा ढिलासुस्ती हुने, सुशासनको प्रत्याभूति नहुने जस्ता विभिन्न असर भ्रष्टाचारले समाज र व्यक्तिको जीवनमा पार्न सक्छ ।

 

  

पाठ - ३ 

सामाजिक विकृति र समस्या समाधानका उपाय

 

 

१. सामाजिक समस्या र विकृति भन्नाले केलाई बुझिन्छ ?

 

Answer 👉 समाजको सामाजिक, आर्थिक तथा सांस्कृतिक उन्नति प्रगतिमा बाधा पार्ने वा नकारात्मक असर पुऱ्याउने समस्या, विकृति वा प्रचलन वा प्रथालाई नै सामाजिक समस्या र विकृति भन्ने बुझिन्छ । देखासिकी, फजुल खर्च, दाइजो प्रथा, दुर्व्यसन आदि सामाजिक समस्या र विकृति हुन् ।

 

 

२. सामाजिक समस्या र विकृतिले समाजमा कस्ता असर पार्ने गर्दछ ? सूची तयार गर्नुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 सामाजिक समस्या र विकृतिले समाजमा पार्ने असर :-

(क) अनावश्यक तडकभडक, देखासिकी र फजुल खर्च बढ्ने 

(ख) स्रोत र साधनको दुरुपयोग हुने 

(ग) भ्रष्टाचार बढ्ने 

(घ) भैझगडा, पारिवारिक बेमेलको वातावरण कायम हुने 

(ङ) घरेलु हिंसामा वृद्धि हुने 

(च) सामाजिक तथा सांस्कृतिक मूल्य मान्यताम हास आउने ।

 

 

३. समाजमा रहेका समस्या र विकृतिलाई कसरी न्यूनीकरण गर्न सकिन्छ ? उपायहरू लेख्नुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 समाजमा रहेका समस्या र विकृतिलाई न्यूनीकरण गर्ने उपायहरू :-

(क) सामाजिक विकृति र विकृति विरुद्ध जनचेतना जगाउने 

(ख) सबै जना एकजुट भई अभियान सञ्चालन गर्ने 

(ग) मितव्ययिता कायम गर्ने 

(घ) अनुशासित, चरित्रवान् र इमानदार बन्ने 

(ङ) व्यावहारिक शिक्षामा जोड दिने

(च) कानुनको प्रभावकारी कार्यान्वयन गर्ने ।

 

 

४. व्यावहारिक शिक्षाले सामाजिक विकृति निराकरणमा कसरी मदत पुग्छ ?

 

Answer 👉 व्यावहारिक शिक्षा भनेको गरिखाने शिक्षा भएकाले यसले सिप र रोजगारी प्राप्तिमा मदत गर्छ । अनुशासित र सदाचारी बनाउँछ। जीवनसँग जोडिएको तथा सिप र रोजगारी प्राप्त भएपछि व्यक्ति गलत क्रियाकलापमा संलग्न हुन पाउँदैन । समाजमा सद्भाव, सहयोग, मेलमिलापको वातावरण सिर्जना हुन्छ । यसरी व्यावहारिक शिक्षाले सामाजिक विकृति निराकरणमा मदत पुग्छ ।

 

 

५. हामीले किन असल साथीको सङ्गत गर्नुपर्दछ ?

 

Answer 👉 असल साथीले जहिले पनि साथ दिन्छन् र हाम्रा कमीकमजोरी औँल्याइदिन्छन् । हामीले गलत कार्य गरेमा गलत कार्य नगर्न भन्छन् । भनेको नमानेमा शिक्षक तथा अभिभावकलाई बेलैमा जानकारी दिन्छन् । असल साथीले आफ्ना साथीलाई बिग्रेको, गलत बाटोमा हिँडेको, कुलतमा लागेको देख्न सक्दैनन् । असल साथी अनुशासित, अध्ययनशील, इमानदार र सदाचारी हुन्छन् । तसर्थ हामीले असल साथीको सङ्गत गर्नुपर्दछ ।

 

 

पाठ - ४ 

सामाजिक समस्या र अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सङ्घसंस्थाको भूमिका

 

 

१. एम्नेस्टी इन्टरनेसनलको स्थापना कहिले भएको हो ?

 

Answer 👉 एम्नेस्टी इन्टरनेसनलको स्थापना सन् १९६१ मे २८ मा भएको हो ।

 

 

२. एम्नेस्टी इन्टरनेसनलले विशेष गरी कुन क्षेत्रमा काम गरेको छ ?

 

Answer 👉 एम्नेस्टी इन्टरनेसनलले विशेष गरी मानव अधिकारका क्षेत्रमा काम गरेको छ ।

 

 

३. अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय श्रम सङ्गठनको स्थापना कहिले भएको हो ?

 

Answer 👉 अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय श्रम सङ्गठनको स्थापना सन् १९१९ मा भएको हो ।

 

 

४. नेपालमा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय श्रम सङ्गठनले विशेष गरी कस्ता काम गरिरहेको छ ? व्याख्या गर्नुहोस्।

 

Answer 👉 अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय श्रम सङ्गठन संयुक्त राष्ट्रसङ्घको विशिष्टीकृत संस्था हो । यो संस्थाले श्रम, श्रमिक र कार्यस्थलमा हुने गरेकाव अनियमितता र विभेदका विरुद्धमा काम गर्दछ । यसले नेपालमा पनि विभिन्न कार्य गर्दै आइरहेको छ । नेपालमा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय श्रम सङ्गठनले सुरक्षित कार्यक्षेत्रका लागि सहकार्य गर्दै आइरहेको छ । बालश्रमलाई निरुत्साहित गर्न यस संस्थाले पहल गरेका देखिन्छ भने मानव अधिकार र श्रम अधिकारका बारेमा सचेतना अभिवृद्धि गर्ने कार्यमा पनि क्रियाशील रहेको छ । त्यस्तै यस संस्थाले नेपालमा कार्यस्थलमा हुने विभेद र शोषणको अन्त्यका लागि पहल गर्दै आएको छ ।

 

 

५. सेभ द चिल्ड्रेन कुन कुन क्षेत्रमा क्रियाशील संस्था हो ?

 

Answer 👉 सेभ द चिल्ड्रेन शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य हेरचाह, बालबालिकाको आर्थिक अवसर वृद्धि, विपत्, महामारी र द्वन्द्व प्रभावित क्षेत्रमा क्रियाशील संस्था हो ।

 

 

  

पाठ - ५ 

द्वन्द्व व्यवस्थापन

 

 

१. द्वन्द्व भनेको के हो ? द्वन्द्व उत्पन्न हुनाका कारण के हुन सक्छन् ?

 

Answer 👉 दुई वा दुईभन्दा बढी व्यक्ति वा समूहका बिचमा हुने विवाद वा असहमति बढ्दै गएको अवस्थालाई द्वन्द्व भनिन्छ । द्वन्द्व उत्पन्न हुनाका विभिन्न कारण हुन सक्छन् । समयमै विवाद समाधान हुन नसकेमा असहमति बढ्दै जान्छ र द्वन्द्व उत्पन्न हुन्छ । त्यस्तै एक पक्षले अर्को पक्षका विभिन्न आयामलाई स्वीकार गर्न नसक्दा द्वन्द्व हुन्छ । निर्णयमा एकाधिकार, स्वतन्त्रताको कमी, समन्यायिकता र पहुँचको अभावले पनि द्वन्द्व उत्पन्न हुन सक्छन् ।

 

 

२. द्वन्द्व व्यवस्थापनमा मध्यस्थकर्ताको भूमिका कस्तो हुनुपर्दछ ?

 

Answer 👉 द्वन्द्व व्यवस्थापनमा मध्यस्थकर्ताको भूमिका समन्वयकारी हुनुपर्छ । सुझबुझका साथ विवेकको प्रयोग गर्ने, निष्पक्ष भएर प्रभावकारी सञ्चारलाई जोड दिने, पूर्वाग्रही नहुने जस्ता भूमिका द्वन्द्व व्यवस्थापनमा मध्यस्थकर्ताको हुनुपर्छ ।

 

 

३. प्रभावकारी सञ्चार किन आवश्यक छ ?

 

Answer 👉 प्रभावकारी सञ्चार विचार आदान प्रदानका लागि निकै उपयोगी मानिन्छ । प्रभावकारी र दोहोरो सञ्चारको अभावमा द्वन्द्वको स्थिति सिर्जना हुन पुग्छ । त्यसैले प्रभावकारी सञ्चार आवश्यक छ ।

 

 

४. दोहोरो सञ्चारले द्वन्द्व व्यवस्थापनमा कसरी मदत गर्दछ ?

 

Answer 👉 दोहोरो सञ्चारले गर्दा एक अर्काप्रतिको धारणा र वास्तविक कुरा सुन्न र बुझ्न मदत पुग्छ । कतिपय द्वन्द्व दुई व्यक्ति वा समूहका बिचमा दोहोरो सञ्चार नभएकाले पनि भइरहेको हुन्छ । दोहोरो सञ्चार भएका एक अर्काको वास्तविक धारणा जान्न सकिन्छ । तसर्थ दोहोरो सञ्चारले द्वन्द्व व्यवस्थापनमा मदत गर्दछ ।

 

 

Lesson - 1

Let's end social evil

 

 

1. Whose behavior do you like among Sita and Ramita and why?

 

Answer 👉 Between Sita and Ramita, I liked Sita's behavior. Because wasteful spending and appearances are not good for Sita. He knew that it would not benefit anyone. She was civilized and good-natured, not involved in social evils.

 

 

2. What advice do you give to your friend who spends extravagantly?

 

Answer 👉 The habit of wasteful spending is a social disorder. It shows various social problems in the society. Problems such as family quarrels and family disintegration have also been observed due to wasteful spending. Therefore, I would like to advise my friend who spends money that it is not a good habit to spend money from an early age.

 

 

3. Giving dowry is not a good thing, why?

 

Answer 👉 Taking dowry is a social disorder. Due to the dowry system, various social problems have appeared in the society. Because of this, domestic violence has also increased. Cases of murder and suicide have also been caused by dowry. Therefore giving dowry is not a good act.

 

 

4. In recent times, due to appearances, festivals are more flamboyant and flamboyant. What should be done to control this situation? Write your thoughts.

 

Answer 👉 Lately, due to appearance, more flamboyant and flamboyant looks are seen during festivals. To control such a situation, the following should be done:-

 

(a) Raising awareness

(b) To provide for action against the violators

(c) To make people realize the cultural and religious significance of the festival

(D) To follow the tradition of respecting those who have high thoughts of simple life.

 

 

5. Prepare a poster to raise awareness against dowry.

  Answer 👉 Do it yourself

 

6. Prepare slogans containing ways to control wasteful spending and recite them in class.

 

Answer 👉 Slogans containing measures to control wasteful expenditure:-

'Let's cut the wasteful expenses on birthdays, weddings, fasts, etc. Let's introduce civilized, cultured and good citizens.'

'Abandoning vanity and envy is the best way to control wasteful spending.'

'The habit of controlling wasteful expenses.'

'Let's make our children polite and cultured.'

 

 

 

Text - 2

Social problems

 

 

1. What is intellectual migration?

 

Answer 👉 Intellectual migration is the problem of the intelligent manpower of a country going to a developed country for higher education and employment or in search of more opportunities, and after acquiring education, skills and competence there, they settle down in the developed country and work there.

 

 

2. How to avoid drug addiction? Mention.

 

Answer 👉 To avoid drug addiction, the following should be done:-

(a) Not showing off and not showing off

(b) Keeping parents informed about the welfare of children

(c) reminding, explaining and assigning duty to drug addicts

(d) To conduct public awareness programs

(e) Maintaining a family atmosphere in the family and no one is addicted to drugs

(f) Schools should also observe the behavior of their students.

 

 

3. What is corruption?

 

Answer 👉 Obtaining any kind of commission, salary, customs duty, facility or benefit while purchasing, renting or giving, leasing or giving any goods or services required by Nepal government or public organization is called corruption.

 

 

4. How can corruption affect the society and the lives of individuals? Mention.

 

Answer 👉 Corruption is misuse of state property. There is a danger that the resources and means allocated for development will not reach the target group. Economic and social development of the country cannot accelerate. Similarly, corruption can have various effects on the society and the lives of individuals, such as work not being done on time, delays in work, lack of guarantee of good governance.

 

  

Lesson - 3

Social disorders and solutions to problems

 

 

1. What is meant by social problems and distortions?

 

Answer 👉 Social problems and distortions are understood as problems, distortions or trends or customs that hinder or have a negative impact on the social, economic and cultural progress of the society. Absurdity, wasteful spending, dowry system, addiction etc. are social problems and distortions.

 

 

2. How do social problems and distortions affect the society? Prepare a list.

 

Answer 👉 Impact of social problems and distortions on the society:-

(a) Increase in unnecessary flamboyance, appearance and wasteful expenditure

(b) Misuse of resources and means

(c) Increase in corruption

(d) Bhaijhgara, the atmosphere of family disharmony will be maintained

(e) Increase in domestic violence

(f) Social and cultural values will decline.

 

 

3. How can the problems and distortions in the society be minimized? Write the solutions.

 

Answer 👉 Measures to minimize the problems and distortions in the society :-

(a) To create public awareness against social evils and vices

(b) Conduct campaign by all united

(c) Maintaining thrift

(d) To be disciplined, characterful and honest

(e) Emphasis on practical education

(f) Effective implementation of the law.

 

 

4. How does practical education help in solving social problems?

 

Answer 👉 Practical education is practical education, so it helps in getting skills and employment. Makes disciplined and virtuous. After being attached to life and getting skills and employment, a person cannot engage in wrongful activities. An atmosphere of harmony, cooperation and harmony is created in the society. In this way, practical education helps in solving social evils.

 

 

5. Why are we best friends?

Who should accompany?

 

Answer 👉 Good friends always support us and point out our weaknesses. If we do wrong, they tell us not to do wrong. If they don't agree, they inform the teacher and parents in time. A good friend can't see his friend going wrong, going down the wrong path, or falling into trouble. A good friend is disciplined, studious, honest and virtuous. Therefore, we should associate with good friends.

 

 

Lesson - 4

Social problems and the role of international organizations

 

 

1. When was the establishment of Amnesty International?

 

Answer 👉 Amnesty International was founded on May 28, 1961.

 

 

2. In which field has Amnesty International worked in particular?

 

Answer 👉 Amnesty International has worked especially in the field of human rights.

 

 

3. When was the establishment of the International Labor Organization?

 

Answer 👉 The International Labor Organization was established in 1919.

 

 

4. What kind of work is the International Labor Organization doing in Nepal? Explain.

 

Answer 👉 The International Labor Organization is a specialized organization of the United Nations. This organization works against irregularities and discrimination in labor, workers and workplaces. It has been doing various activities in Nepal as well. In Nepal, the International Labor Organization has been cooperating for safe workplaces. It seems that this organization has taken initiatives to discourage child labor and is also active in raising awareness about human rights and labor rights. Similarly, this organization has been taking initiatives to end discrimination and exploitation in the workplace in Nepal.

 

 

5. In which field is Save the Children an active organization?

 

Answer 👉 Save the Children is an organization active in areas affected by education, health care, economic opportunities for children, disasters, epidemics and conflicts.

 

 

  

Lesson - 5

Conflict management

 

 

1. What is conflict? What could be the reasons for conflict?

 

Answer 👉 Conflict is a situation in which disputes or disagreements between two or more people or groups are increasing. There can be various reasons for conflict. If the dispute is not resolved in time, the disagreement will increase and conflict will arise. Similarly, conflict occurs when one party cannot accept the different dimensions of the other party. Conflicts can also arise due to monopoly in decisions, lack of independence, fairness and lack of access.

 

 

2. What should be the role of mediator in conflict management?

 

Answer 👉 The mediator's role in conflict management should be coordinating. The role of a mediator in conflict management should be to use discretion wisely, emphasize effective communication by being fair, and not be biased.

 

 

3. Why is effective communication necessary?

 

Answer 👉 Effective communication is considered very useful for exchanging ideas. In the absence of effective and double communication, a situation of conflict is created. Therefore, effective communication is essential.

 

 

4. How does dual communication help in conflict management?

 

Answer 👉 Due to double communication, it helps to hear and understand each other's perception and reality. Some conflicts occur because there is no two-way communication between two people or groups. One can know each other's real opinion with double communication. Therefore, dual communication helps in conflict management.