Unit -1, Meaning and Origin of the Word

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पाठ १ 

नेपाल शब्दको अर्थ र उत्पत्ति

 The word "Nepal" holds a rich history and cultural significance. Its origin can be traced back to ancient times, and it carries several interpretations based on historical, linguistic, and religious perspectives.

1. Etymology and Linguistic Meaning:
   The name "Nepal" is believed to derive from the combination of two Sanskrit words: "Ne" (sacred) and "Pala" (protection or guardian). Thus, "Nepal" could mean "the sacred land protected by a guardian deity."

Answers---

 

१. प्राचीन कालमा नेपाल भन्नाले कुन क्षेत्रलाई चिनिन्थ्यो ?

 

Answer 👉 : प्राचीन कालमा नेपाल भन्नाले काठमाडौँ उपत्यका र त्यस वरिपरिको क्षेत्रलाई मात्र चिनिन्थ्यो ।

 

 

२. नेपालको नामकरणसम्बन्धी विभिन्न भाषिक आधारमध्ये तपाइँलाई कुन चाहिँ आधार उपयुक्त लाग्यो ? कारण दिनुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 : नेपालको नामकरणसम्बन्धी विभिन्न भाषिक आधारमध्ये मलाई नेपाल अर्थात् नेवारी भाषाको 'नेपा' बाट नेपाल बनेको भन्ने आधार उपयुक्त लाग्यो । यहाँ 'ने' को अर्थ 'मध्य वा बिच' र 'पा' को अर्थ 'देश' हुन्छ । प्राचीन कालमा नेपाल भन्नाले काठमाडौँ उपत्यका र त्यस वरिपरिको क्षेत्रलाई मात्र चिनिन्थ्यो । यस ठाउँमा नेवारहरूको पहिलेदेखि नै बाक्लो बस्ती रहेको छ । तसर्थ नेपालको नामकरणसम्बन्धी विभिन्न भाषिक आधारमध्ये नेवारी भाषाको आधार चाहिँ मलाई उपयुक्त लाग्यो । वा नेपाल शब्दको उत्पत्ति संस्कृत भाषाबाट भएको भन्ने आधार मलाई उपयुक्त लाग्यो । यस भाषाको 'निप:' र 'आलय:' मिलेर ‘नेपाल’ बनेको भन्ने तर्क रहेको छ । नेपाल पौराणिक मुलुक भनेर पनि चिनिन्छ । संस्कृत सबैभन्दा पुरानो भाषा पनि हो । नेपाल हिन्दु धर्म र संस्कृत भाषाको आधारभूमि पनि हो । तसर्थ यो आधार मलाई उपयुक्त लाग्यो ।

 

 

३. नेपालको भूमि पहिलेदेखि नै पवित्र थियो भन्ने तथ्यलाई विभिन्न आधार दिएर प्रमाणित गर्नुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 : 'ने' नाम गरेका मुनिले पालन गरेको भूमि भएको हुनाले नेपाल नाम रहन गएको हो भन्ने कुरा नेपाल महात्म्यमा उल्लेख गरिएको छ । यसले के कुरा पुष्टि गर्छ भने नेपाल प्राचीन कालदेखि नै ऋषिमुनिको तपस्या स्थल हो । बौद्ध धर्म ग्रन्थहरूमा 'नेवाल' शब्दको प्रयोग भएको छ । किराँत तथा बौद्ध धर्म मान्ने जातिहरूले प्रयोग गर्ने यस शब्दबाट नै नेपाल शब्दको उत्पत्ति भएको अनुमान गर्न सकिन्छ । त्यस्तै लेप्चा भाषामा नेपालको अर्थ पवित्र गुफा भन्ने हुन्छ । संस्कृत भाषाको 'निप:' र 'आलय:' मिलेर 'नेपाल' बनेको भन्ने तर्क पनि रहेको छ । यी सबै तथ्यका आधारमा नेपालको भूमि पहिलेदेखि नै पवित्र थियो भन्ने प्रमाणित हुन्छ ।

 

 

 

पाठ २ 

प्राचीन नेपाल : आर्थिक र सामाजिक अवस्था

 

Answers

 

१. गोपाल र महिषपालको अर्थ लेख्नुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 : ‘गो' र ‘पाल' मिलेर 'गोपाल' बनेको हो । 'गो' को अर्थ गाई र 'पाल' को अर्थ पालन गर्ने भन्ने हुन्छ । तसर्थ गोपालको अर्थ गाई पाल्ने भन्ने हुन्छ । त्यस्तै महिषपालको अर्थ भैंसी पालन गर्ने भन्ने हुन्छ । 

 

 

२. गोपाल, महिषपाल तथा किराँत वंशका प्रथम र अन्तिम राजाको नाम तलको जस्तै तालिका बनाएर लेख्नुहोस् :

 

Answer 👉 : 

वंश  :  प्रथम राजा  :  अन्तिम राजा

किराँत - यलम्बर - खिगु

गोपाल - भूमि गुप्त - विष्णुगुप्त

महिषपाल - वरसिंह - भुवनसिंह

 

 

३. गोपाल र महिषपाल वंशको शासनकालमा नेपालमा हिन्दु धर्मको प्रभाव थियो भन्ने भनाइलाई उदाहरण दिएर पुष्टि गर्नुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 : गोपाल वंशीय समाज हिन्दु धर्ममा आधारित थियो । यिनीहरूले मातातीर्थ, मत्स्यनारायण र गोपालेश्वर मन्दिरको स्थापना गरेका थिए । पशुपतिनाथको ज्योतिर्लिङ्गको स्थापना पनि गोपालहरूले नै गरेका थिए । त्यस समयमा समूहमा देवीदेउताको पूजा गर्ने प्रचलन थियो । त्यस्तै महिषपालहरू पनि धार्मिक स्वभावका थिए । त्यस समाजमा प्रकृति, गाई, पितृ र देवीदेवताको पूजा गरिन्थ्यो । त्यसैले गोपाल र महिषपाल वंशको शासनकालमा नेपालमा हिन्दु धर्मको प्रभाव थियो भन्ने पुष्टि हुन्छ ।

 

 

४. किराँतकालीन सामाजिक अवस्था र अहिलेको सामाजिक अवस्थामा कस्ता समानता र भिन्नता रहेका छन् ? तुलना गर्नुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 : समानता : किराँतकालीन समाजमा खेतीपाती गर्ने, देशविदेशको यात्रा गर्ने, व्यापार गर्ने जस्ता कार्य गरिन्थ्यो । यस्ता कार्य अहिलेको समाजमा पनि रहेको छ । किराँतहरू संयुक्त परिवारमा बस्थे । अहिले पनि संयुक्त परिवारको प्रचलन कायमै छ । विभिन्न चाडपर्व, मेला, जात्रा नाचगान आदि क्रियाकलाप किराँत कालमा पनि थिए अहिले पनि छन् ।

 

भिन्नता : किराँतकालीन समाज नारी प्रधान थियो भने अहिलेको समाज पुरुष प्रधान रहेको छ । त्यस समयमा संयुक्त परिवारको मात्र प्रचलन थियो भने अहिले एकल परिवाको प्रचलन बढ्दै गएको छ । त्यस समयमा चाडपर्व, मेला, जात्रा, नाचगान आदिमा मौलिकता थियो भने अहिले विदेशी प्रभाव बढ्दै गएको छ ।

 

 

 

पाठ ३ काठमाडौँ उपत्यकाको सभ्यता

 

Answers 

१. प्राचीन तथा मध्यकालमा हालको काठमाडौँलाई के भनेर चिनिन्थ्यो ?

 

Answer 👉 : प्राचीन तथा मध्यकालमा हालको काठमाडौँलाई नेपाल भनेर चिनिन्थ्यो ।

 

 

२. स्वयम्भूनाथको उत्पत्ति कसरी भएको हो ?

 

Answer 👉 : प्राचीनकालमा हालको काठमाडौँ उपत्यकामा ठुलो दह थियो । यसलाई नागदह भनिन्थ्यो । यो दहको Answer 👉 पश्चिममा रहेको नागार्जुन डाँडामा विपश्वी ऋषिको कुटी थियो । कुनै समय पूर्णिमाको दिन पारेर विपश्वी ऋषिले सो दहमा कमलको बिउ छरिदिए । कमलको फूल फुलेपछि सोही फूलमा स्वयम्भूनाथको आकृति देखियो । यसरी स्वयम्भूनाथको उत्पत्ति भएको हो ।

 

 

३. लिच्छवीहरूले कसरी देशको शासन चलाउने गर्थे ?

 

Answer 👉 : लिच्छवीकालमा राजतन्त्रात्मक व्यवस्था रहेको थियो । यस कालमा प्रत्यक्ष र स्थानीय गरी दुई प्रकारको शासन चल्थ्यो । राजधानीबाट नजिकका स्थानमा दरबारबाट प्रत्यक्ष शासन गरिन्थ्यो भने टाढाका स्थानमा राजाका प्रतिनिधि अर्थात् सामन्तहरूको नियुक्ति गरिन्थ्यो । त्यस्तै शासनलाई प्रभावकारी बनाउन विभिन्न पदहरूको व्यवस्थासमेत गरिएको थियो ।

 

 

४. प्राचीन कालमा नारीको स्थान कस्तो थियो ? अहिलेको अवस्थासँग तुलना गर्नुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 : प्राचीन कालमा नारीको स्थान निकै महत्त्वपूर्ण थियो । किराँत कालको समाज त नारी प्रधान समाज रहेको थियो । नारीको सल्लाहअनुसार पुरुषहरूले खेतीपातीलगायतका कार्य गर्थे । लिच्छवीकालमा नारीलाई आफूले वर छानेर विवाह गर्ने अधिकार रहेको थियो भने विधवा विवाह र पुनर्विवाहलाई मान्यता दिइएको थियो । उच्च वर्गका नारीमा शिक्षा आर्जनको अवसर थियो । विभिन्न प्रकारका धार्मिक कार्यमा नारीको सक्रिय सहभागिता रहन्थ्यो । अहिले समाज बरु पुरुष प्रधान रहेको छ । नारीलाई घरको काम गर्ने र बच्चा पाउने तथा स्याहार्ने रूपमा मात्र लिने गरेको पाइन्छ । बिस्तारै शिक्षाको प्रभावले गर्दा प्राचीनकालमा नारीले उपयोग गरेका विभिन्न अधिकार उपयोग गर्ने अवस्थाको सिर्जना हुँदै गएको छ ।

 

 

५. प्राचीन काठमाडौँको सामाजिक संरचना कस्तो थियो ? छोटकरीमा लेख्नुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 : प्राचीन काठमाडौँको सामाजिक संरचना धार्मिक मान्यतामा आधारित थियो । मानिसले समूहमा मिलेर काम गर्थे । समाजमा सामूहिक भावना थियो । अझ किराँतकालमा त नारी प्रधान समाज रहेको थियो । लिच्छवीकालमा आएर भने समाज वर्णाश्रममा आधारित भयो । कुनै पनि सामाजिक काम समाजका मानिस मिलेर गर्थे । यसैबाट गुठी प्रणालीको विकास भयो, जुन अझै कायम छ ।

 

 

 

पाठ ४ 

हाम्रा वीर सहिद

 

 

१. राणा शासनको किन विरोध गरिएको होला ?

 

Answer 👉 : राणा शासन निरङ्कुश र जहानियाँ शासन थियो । राणाहरूको हुकुम नै कानुनका रूपमा लागु हुन्थ्यो । शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य, रोजगार जस्ता आधारभूत कुरामा जनताको पहुँच थिएन । त्यसैले राणा शासनको विरोध गरिएको हो ।

 

 

२. नेपालमा प्रजातन्त्र स्थापना गर्नमा लखन थापाले कसरी योगदान दिएका छन् ?

 

Answer 👉 : नेपाली सेनाको जागिर छोडेर गोरखाको बुङ्कोटमा लखन थापाले एउटा किल्ला र सोही किल्लामा मनकामनाको मन्दिर निर्माण गरे । आफूलाई मनकामनाले जङ्गबहादुरको अन्याचारको अन्त्य गरेर प्रजातन्त्रको स्थापना गर्ने आदेश दिएको भनेर घोषणा गरे । उनको नेतृत्वमा एउटा समूह खडा भयो । यस समूहले वि.सं. १९३२ मा लखन थापालाई प्रधानमन्त्री र जयसिंह चुमीलाई सेनापति घोषणा गर्यो । यो थाहा पाएपछि काठमाडौँबाट एउटा फौज आयो र लखन थापा र उनको समूहलाई गिरफ्तार गरी मनकामना मन्दिर अगाडि मृत्युदण्ड दिइयो । यो विद्रोह नै राणा विरोधी पहिलो विद्रोह थियो । यसरी नेपालमा प्रजातन्त्र स्थापना गनमा लखन थापाले योगदान दिएका थिए ।

 

 

३. सहिद भनेर कस्ता व्यक्तिलाई भनिन्छ ?

 

Answer 👉 : देश र जनताको हितका लागि आफ्नो ज्यानको बलिदान दिने व्यक्तिलाई सहिद भनेर भनिन्छ ।

 

 

४. सहिदबाट हामीले कस्तो प्रेरणा पाउन सक्छौं ? छोटकरीमा लेख्नुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 : निरङ्कुश शासनको अन्त्य गरी प्रजातन्त्र तथा लोकतन्त्रको स्थापना गर्नका लागि सहिदहरूको योगदान अविस्मरणीय रहेको छ । सहिदको योगदानले गर्दा नै लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्रको स्थापना भएको हो । तसर्थ नेपाल र नेपालीको प्रगतिमा योगदान दिन सक्नुपर्छ भन्ने प्रेरणा हामीले सहिदबाट पाउन सक्छौं । सहिदहरूको योगदानको सदा स्मरण गर्दै उनीहरूले देखाएको असल मार्गमा लाग्नुपर्छ र राष्ट्रहितका कार्य गर्न सधैँ लागि पर्नुपर्छ भन्ने प्रेरणा पनि सहिदबाट हामीले पाउन सक्छौं।

 

 

५. धर्मभक्त माथेमाले प्रजातन्त्र प्राप्तिका लागि पुऱ्याएका योगदानको चर्चा गर्नुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 : धर्मभक्त माथेमाले भारतमा अध्ययनका क्रममा अङ्ग्रेज विरोधी आन्दोलनमा सहभागी भएका थिए । अध्ययन सकेर नेपाल फर्किएपछि यिनले राजा त्रिभुवन र केही राणाहरूलाई व्यायाम सिकाउन थाले । राणा शासनको अन्त्य गरी प्रजातन्त्र ल्याउनका लागि प्रजा परिषद्‌को स्थापना भयो । यिनी प्रजा परिषद्को संस्थापकमध्येका एक हुन् । प्रजा परिषद्ले गर्ने हरेक क्रियाकलापमा यिनी सक्रिय सहभागी भएका थिए । राणाहरूको विरोध गरेका अभियोगमा यिनी गिरफ्तार भए र यिनलाई वि. सं. १९९७ माघ १३ गते राती झुन्ड्याएर मृत्युदण्ड दिए । यसरी ज्यानको समेत पर्वाह नगरी धर्मभक्त माथेमाले प्रजातन्त्र प्राप्तिका लागि योगदान दिए ।

 

 

पाठ ५ 

लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र र यसका उपलब्धि

 

Answers

 

१. नेपालमा लोकतन्त्र दिवस किन मनाइन्छ ?

 

Answer 👉 : वि.सं. २०६२, २०६३ को जनआन्दोलनको फलस्वरूप वैशाख ११ गते लोकतन्त्र स्थापना भएको स्मरणमा नेपालमा लोकतन्त्र दिवस मनाइन्छ ।

 

 

२. लोकतन्त्रमा देशको शासन कसरी सञ्चालन गरिन्छ ? लेख्नुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 : लोकतन्त्रमा जनताद्वारा निर्वाचित जनप्रतिनिधिको सहमतिका आधारमा देशको शासन सञ्चालन हुन्छ ।

 

 

३. लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्रका विशेषता लेख्नुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 : जनताका छोराछोरी राष्ट्रप्रमुख हुनसक्ने, आवधिक निर्वाचन, जनप्रतिनिधि शासक हुने, समतामूलक समाजको निर्माण, नागरिक अधिकार र स्वतन्त्रताको रक्षा आदि लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्रका विशेषता हुन् ।

 

 

४. तपाइँलाई लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र किन मन पर्छ ? कारण दिई आफ्ना विचारलाई पुष्टि गर्नुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 : गणतन्त्र जनताका छोराछोरी राष्ट्रप्रमुख हुनसक्ने व्यवस्था हो । जनप्रतिनिधि देशका शासक हुनुपर्ने, आवधिक निर्वाचन हुने, जनप्रतिनिधिले देशका लागि नीति नियम बनाउने, जनताका अधिकार सुरक्षित रहने व्यवस्था गणतन्त्र हो । त्यसैले मलाई लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र मन पर्छ ।

 

 

५. राजतन्त्र र गणतन्त्रबिचका भिन्नता लेख्नुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 : राजतन्त्रमा कुनै पनि व्यक्ति जन्मका आधारमा राष्ट्रका प्रमुख बन्छन् । जन्मका आधारमा सर्वोच्च पदमा पुग्दा निरङ्कुश पनि बन्न सक्छ । गणतन्त्र जनताका छोराछोरी राष्ट्रप्रमुख हुनसक्ने व्यवस्था हो । जनप्रतिनिधि देशका शासक हुनुपर्ने, आवधिक निर्वाचन हुने व्यवस्था गणतन्त्र हो ।

 

 

  

पाठ ६ 

ग्रिस र रोमको सभ्यता

 

Answers

 

१. सभ्यता भनेको के हो ? उदाहरण दिएर लेख्नुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 : विगतदेखि वर्तमानसम्म मानिसले सिर्जना गरेका सबै कुराको समष्टीगत स्वरूप सभ्यता हो । भाषा, गीत, सङ्गीत, भवन, सडक, कला, ज्ञान आदि मानव सभ्यताका पक्ष हुन् । सिन्धु उपत्यकाको सभ्यता, नाइल नदीको सभ्यता, रोमको सभ्यता आदि सभ्यताका उदाहरण हुन् ।

 

 

२. प्राचीन ग्रिकका नगर राज्यहरूले आपसी सम्बन्ध विस्तार गर्न के गरेका थिए ?

 

Answer 👉 : प्राचीन ग्रिकका नगर राज्यहरूले आपसी सम्बन्ध विस्तार गर्न ओलम्पिक खेलको सुरुआत गरेका थिए ।

 

 

३. प्राचीन रोमका मानिसले विभिन्न स्थानका विषयमा अरूले भन्दा धेरै जानकारी पाउनुको कारण के होला ?

 

Answer 👉 : ग्रिक सभ्यता कमजोर भएपछि रोम सभ्यता विकास भएको थियो । रोमन साम्राज्य विस्तार गर्दै लैजाने नीति भएकाले प्राचीन रोमका मानिसले विभिन्न स्थानका विषयमा अरूले भन्दा धेरै जानकारी पाएको होला ।

 

 

४. प्राचीन ग्रिक र रोमन सभ्यताले हालको विश्वमा पारेका प्रभाव लेख्नुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 : प्राचीन ग्रिक र रोमन सभ्यताले हालको विश्वमा पारेका प्रभाव निम्न छन् :-

(क) साहित्य र इतिहास लेखनको थालनी यिनै सभ्यताको योगदान हो ।

(ख) मूर्तिकला र वास्तुकलाको विकासमा यिनै सभ्यताको योगदान रहेको छ ।

(ग) निर्वाचनको थालनी र ओलम्पिक खेलको थालनी यही सभ्यताको प्रभाव हो ।

(घ) प्रजातन्त्र, गणतन्त्र, स्वतन्त्रता, नागरिकता, संविधान आदि अवधारणा यिनै सभ्यताबाट विकास भएको हो ।

 

 

५. प्राचीन ग्रिकको साहित्य र कलाको विषयमा चर्चा गर्नुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 : प्राचीन ग्रिकमा साहित्य र कलाको राम्रो प्रगति गरेका थिए । 'ओडिसी' र 'इलियड' जस्ता महाकाव्य लेखेका होमर ग्रिस साहित्यका महाकवि हुन् । त्यस्तै हेसोइड अर्का महान् कवि हुन् । एस्काइलस र युरिपिडिज त्यस समयका नाटककार थिए । 'पर्सियन वार' को इतिहास लेखेका हेरोडोटसलाई 'इतिहासका पिता' भनेर चिनिन्छ । यस सभ्यतामा मूर्तिकला र वास्तुकलाको पनि राम्रो विकास भएको थियो । एथिनादेवीको मूर्ति, जियसको मूर्ति र पार्थेनियन मन्दिर मूर्तिकला र वास्तुकलाका उत्कृष्ट नमुना थियो ।

 

 

६. 'ग्रिकलाई दर्शनको जननी भनिन्छ ।' यो भनाइसँग किन सहमत हुनुहुन्छ ? सहमतिका बुँदा प्रस्तुत गर्नुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 : 'ग्रिकलाई दर्शनको जननी भनिन्छ ।' भन्ने भनाइसँग सहमतिका बुँदा निम्न छन् :-

(क) सुकरातले कुनै पनि कुरालाई अपव्याख्या गरेर होइन प्रमाणका आधारमा प्रमाणित गरिनुपर्छ भन्ने विचार व्यक्त गरे ।

(ख) सुकरातका चेला प्लेटोले 'रिपब्लिक' किताब लेखेर जनचेतना फैलाए ।

(ग) प्लेटोका चेला अरस्तुले विज्ञान, तर्कशास्त्र र दर्शनशास्त्रका माध्यमबाट चेतना फैलाए ।

(घ) सुकरात, प्लेटो र अरस्तु ग्रिकका प्रसिद्ध दार्शनिक हुन् । उनीहरूले त्यसवेला प्रतिपादन गरेका दर्शन आज पनि सान्दर्भिक छन् ।

 

 

 

पाठ ७ 

सिन्धु उपत्यकाको सभ्यता

 

 

१. सिन्धु उपत्यकाको सभ्यता कहिले र कहाँ विकास भएको थियो ? छोटकरीमा लेख्नुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 : प्राचीन कालमा सिन्धु नदीको किनारमा मानव सभ्यताको विकास भएको थियो । हाल यो स्थान पाकिस्तानमा पर्छ । सिन्धु नदीको किनारमा विकास भएको मानव सभ्यतालाई सिन्धु उपत्यकाको सभ्यता भनेर चिनिन्छ । यसलाई सिन्धुघाटीको सभ्यता पनि भनिन्छ ।

 

 

२. सिन्धु उपत्यकाको सभ्यतामा नगरहरूको विकास कसरी भएको थियो ?

 

Answer 👉 : सिन्धु उपत्यकाको सभ्यताअन्तर्गत मोहेन्जोदाडो र हरप्पा नामका दुईओटा स्थानको उत्खनन गरिएको थियो । मोहेन्जोदाडो सिन्धु नदी र हरप्पा रावी नदीको किनारमा रहेका थिए । यी दुवै स्थानमा व्यवस्थित रूपले गल्ली, नाली, स्नानगृह, सभागृह तथा अन्य भवन बनेका थिए । यी स्थानमा पाकेको इँटले बनाइएका दुई तले घर पनि थिए । दुवै नगरमा ढल निकासको व्यवस्थासमेत थियो ।

 

 

३. सिन्धु उपत्यकाको सभ्यतामा रहेका मानिसको जनजीवन र वर्तमान नेपालका मानिसको जनजीवनसँग तुलना गर्नुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 : सिन्धु उपत्यकाको सभ्यतामा रहेका मानिसको जनजीवन सभ्य र भव्य रहेको थियो । यस उपत्यकामा रहेका दुवै नगर व्यवस्थित र सुविधा सम्पन्न थिए । यहाँका मानिसहरूको आर्थिक अवस्था राम्रो रहेको थियो । कलाकरिता, खेतीपाती, पशुपालन, लुगा बुन्ने, समुद्रपार व्यापार जस्ता काममा यहाँका मानिस संलग्न थिए । वर्तमान नेपालका मानिसको जनजीवन दिनानुदिन परनिर्भर बन्दै गइरहेको छ । व्यवस्थित र सुविधासम्पन्न नगरहरूको कमी रहेको छ। आर्थिक अवस्था पनि सन्तोषजनक छैन । वैदेशिक रोजगार मुख्य आयको स्रोतका रूपमा विकास भएको छ । खेतपाती मुख्य पेसा भए पनि ठुलो परिमाणमा खाद्यान्न आयात गर्नुपर्ने बाध्यता रहेको छ।

 

 

४. सिन्धु उपत्यकाका मानिसको धार्मिक विश्वासको चर्चा गर्नुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 : सिन्धु उपत्यकाका मानिसले मूर्ति पूजा गर्ने गर्थे । त्यस्तै यहाँका मानिस प्रकृतिका समेत पुजारी थिए । उनीहरूले सर्प, परेवा, बाख्रा, गोरु जस्ता जनावरको पनि पूजा गर्थे । लासलाई नदी किनारमा लगेर दाहसंस्कार गर्ने परम्परा रहेको थियो। लासलाई जलाएर वा गाडेर दाहसंस्कार गरिन्थ्यो ।

 

 

 

पाठ ८ 

पुनर्जागरण र यसको प्रभाव

 

 

१. पुनर्जागरणको अर्थ लेख्नुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 : पुन: र जागरण मिलेर बनेको पुनर्जागरण शब्दको शाब्दिक अर्थ फेरि उठ्नु वा जाग्नु हो । प्राचीन कालमा युरोपमा शिक्षा, संस्कृति, कला, सभ्यता र भाषाको विकास भएको थियो । छैटौँ शताब्दीदेखि तेरौँ शताब्दीसम्म अन्धविश्वास र धार्मिक कट्टरताका कारण नागरिक अधिकारको हननका साथै सभ्यता र समुन्नतिमा ह्रास आएको थियो । चौधौँ शताब्दीदेखि पुनः आफ्नो प्राचीन कालीन शिक्षा, संस्कृति, कला, वैज्ञानिक खोजी हुन थाल्यो । यही समयदेखि नयाँ नयाँ खोज तथा आविष्कार भए र ज्ञानको पुनर्जन्म भयो, यसैलाई नै पुनर्जागरण भनियो ।

 

 

२. पुनर्जागरण हुनुभन्दा पहिला युरोपको अवस्था कस्तो थियो ? चर्चा गर्नुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 : पुनर्जागरण हुनुभन्दा पहिलाको युरोपको अवस्था निकै अन्धकारमय थियो । त्यसैले प्राचीनकालपछि र पुनर्जागरणअघिको अवधिलाई डार्क पेरिड अर्थात् कालो युग पनि भन्ने गरिन्छ । यस समयमा जताजतै अन्धविश्वा फैलिएको थियो । धार्मिक कट्टरताका कारण नागरिकका हकअधिकार हनन भएका थिए । प्राचीन कालीन सभ्यता र समुन्नतिमा ह्रास आएको थियो ।

 

 

३. पुनर्जागरणको थालनी कसरी भएको हो ? लेख्नुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 : अन्धविश्वास र धार्मिक कट्टरता अति भएपछि चौधौँ शताब्दीतिर पुनः आफ्नो प्राचीन कालीन शिक्षा, संस्कृति, कला, वैज्ञानिक खोजी हुन थाल्यो । यसले विस्तारै नयाँ नयाँ खोज तथा आविष्कार भए र ज्ञानको पुनर्जन्म हुन थाल्यो । यसरी पुनर्जागरणको थालनी भएको हो ।

 

 

४. पुनर्जागरण नभएको भए के हुन्थ्यो होला ? चर्चा गर्नुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 : पुनर्जागरण नभएको भए युरोपमा अन्धविश्वास र धार्मिक कट्टरता अझै व्यापक बन्दै जान्थ्यो । यसले गर्दा नयाँ नयाँ आविष्कार तथा कला, संस्कृतिले पुन: मौलाउने मौका पाउँदैनथ्यो । यसले युरोपलाई मात्र नभएर समग्र विश्वलाई नै प्रभाव पार्थ्यो होला ।

 

 

५. पुनर्जागरण कालमा विज्ञान र अन्वेषणका क्षेत्रमा कस्ता उपलब्धि भएका थिए ?

 

Answer 👉 : पुनर्जागरण कालमा विज्ञान र अन्वेषणका क्षेत्रमा निकै उपलब्धि हासिल भएका थिए । निकोलस, गिलवर्ट, ग्यालिलियो र न्युटन जस्ता प्रसिद्ध वैज्ञानिक र केप्लर र निपियर जस्ता गणितज्ञको निकै ठुलो योगदान रहन गयो । निकोलसले सूर्य घुम्दैन भन्ने सिद्धान्त प्रतिपादन गरे भने ग्यालिलियोले दूरबिन र न्युटनले गुरुत्वाकर्षणको सिद्धान्त प्रतिपादन गरे । कोलम्बसले अमेरिका र मार्कोपोलोले चीन पत्ता लगाए ।

 

 

६. पुनर्जागरण कालमा सिर्जना गरिएका साहित्यिक कृतिहरूको चर्चा गर्नुहोस् ।

 

Answer 👉 : पुनर्जागरण कालमा इटालियन कवि दाँतेले पोप, पादरी र सामन्तहरूको खराब कार्यको चर्चा गर्दै डिभाइन कमेडी नामक महाकाव्य रचना गरे । यस्तै इरासमसले द प्रेज अफ द फुल्ली भन्ने महाकाव्यको रचना गरी समाजको अन्धविश्वास र सामाजिक कुरीति विरुद्ध जनचेतना फैलाए । कवि स्पेन्सरले काव्य साहित्यमा आधुनिकता भित्र्याउने काम गरे ।

 

Lesson 1

The meaning and origin of the word Nepal

 

Answers---

 

1. Which region was known as Nepal in ancient times?

 

Answer 👉: In ancient times, Nepal was only known as Kathmandu Valley and the area around it.

 

 

2. Which of the various linguistic bases for the naming of Nepal do you think is appropriate? Give a reason.

 

Answer 👉 : Among the various linguistic bases related to the naming of Nepal, I found the base that Nepal was formed from 'Nepa' of the Newari language to be appropriate. Here 'ne' means 'middle or between' and 'pa' means 'country'. In ancient times, Nepal was only known as Kathmandu Valley and the area around it. There is already a thick settlement of Newars in this place. Therefore, among the various linguistic bases related to the naming of Nepal, the base of Newari language seemed suitable to me. Or I found it appropriate that the word Nepal originated from the Sanskrit language. There is an argument that 'Nepal' was formed by combining 'Nip:' and 'Alay:' of this language. Nepal is also known as the legendary country. Sanskrit is also the oldest language. Nepal is also the base of Hindu religion and Sanskrit language. So this base seemed suitable to me.

 

 

3. Prove the fact that the land of Nepal was sacred from the beginning by giving various grounds.

 

Answer 👉 : It has been mentioned in Nepal Mahatmya that the name Nepal came to be because it was a land that was followed by a monk named 'Ne'. What this confirms is that Nepal has been a place of penance for sages since ancient times. The word 'Newal' has been used in Buddhist texts. It can be assumed that the word Nepal originates from this word, which is used by people who believe in Kirant and Buddhism. In the same way, the meaning of Nepal in Lepcha language is holy cave. There is also an argument that 'Nepal' was formed by combining 'Nip:' and 'Alay:' of Sanskrit language. Based on all these facts, it is proved that the land of Nepal was already sacred.

 

 

 

Lesson 2

Ancient Nepal: Economic and Social Conditions

 

Answers

 

1. Write the meaning of Gopal and Mahishpal.

 

Answer 👉 : 'Go' and 'Pal' are combined to form 'Gopal'. 'Go' means cow and 'Pal' means to keep. So Gopal means cow rearer. Similarly, Mahishpala means buffalo rearing.

 

 

2. Write the names of the first and last kings of Gopal, Mahishapal and Kirant dynasty in a table like below:

 

Answer:

Lineage : First King : Last King

Kirant - Yalambar - Khigu

Gopala - Bhumi Gupta - Vishnugupta

Mahishpal - Varasingh - Bhuvansingh

 

 

3. Give an example to confirm the statement that Hinduism had influence in Nepal during the reign of Gopal and Mahishapal dynasty.

 

Answer 👉 : Gopal clan society was based on Hindu religion. They established Matatirtha, Matsyanarayana and Gopaleshwar temples. The Jyotirlinga of Pashupatinath was also established by the Gopals. At that time there was a practice of worshiping deities in the group. Similarly, the Mahishapalas were also of a religious nature. In that society, nature, cows, ancestors and gods and goddesses were worshipped. Therefore, it is confirmed that there was influence of Hindu religion in Nepal during the reign of Gopal and Mahishpal dynasty.

 

 

4. What are the similarities and differences between the social conditions of the Kirant era and the current social conditions? Compare.

 

Answer 👉: Similarity: In Kirant period society, activities like farming, traveling abroad, and doing business were done. Such actions exist in today's society as well. The Kirants lived in joint families. Even now, the practice of joint family is still there. Various festivals, fairs, dances, dances, etc. were held during the Kirant period and are still being held now.

 

Difference: The society during the Kirant era was dominated by women while the present day society is dominated by men. At that time, only joint families were common, but now single families are increasing. At that time, there was originality in festivals, fairs, jatras, dances, etc., but now foreign influence is increasing.

 

 

 

Lesson 3 Civilization of Kathmandu Valley

 

Answers

1. What was the current Kathmandu known as in ancient and medieval times?

 

Answer 👉: In ancient and medieval times, the current Kathmandu was known as Nepal.

 

 

2. How did Swayambhunath originate?

 

Answer 👉: In ancient times, there was a big valley in the current Kathmandu Valley. It was called Nagdah. Answer of this question 👉 On the Nagarjuna hill in the west was the hut of Vipaswi Rishi. Once upon a full moon day, Sage Vipashvi sowed lotus seeds on that day. After the lotus blossomed, the figure of Swayambhunath was seen in the same flower. This is how Swayambhunath originated.

 

 

3. How did the Licchavis govern the country?

 

Answer 👉 : There was a monarchical system during Lichchavi period. In this period, there were two types of government, direct and local. Places close to the capital were ruled directly from the palace, while in distant places, representatives of the king, i.e. feudal lords, were appointed. Likewise, arrangements were made for various posts to make governance effective.

 

 

4. What was the position of women in ancient times? Compare with the current situation.

 

Answer: In ancient times, the position of women was very important. The society of Kirant period was a female-dominated society. According to women's advice, men did farming and other work. During the Lichchavi period, a woman had the right to choose her own groom and marry, while widow marriage and remarriage were recognized. In upper class women

It was an opportunity to get an education. Women used to actively participate in various religious activities. Now the society is rather male dominated. It is seen that women are only considered to do housework and have children and take care of them. Gradually, due to the influence of education, a situation is being created to use various rights that women used in ancient times.

 

 

5. What was the social structure of ancient Kathmandu? Write in short.

 

Answer: The social structure of ancient Kathmandu was based on religious beliefs. People worked together in groups. There was a collective feeling in the society. Even during the Kirant period, there was a female-dominated society. During the Lichchavi period, the society was based on varnashram. Any social work was done by the people of the society together. From this the guthi system was developed, which is still in existence.

 

 

 

Lesson 4

Our brave martyrs

 

 

1. Why was Rana's rule opposed?

 

Answer 👉 : Rana rule was autocratic and Jahanian rule. The decrees of the Rana were enforced as laws. People did not have access to basic things like education, health and employment. That is why Rana rule was opposed.

 

 

2. How has Lakhan Thapa contributed to establishing democracy in Nepal?

 

Answer 👉 : Lakhan Thapa built a fort at Bungkot in Gorkha after leaving the Nepalese army and a temple of Mankamana in the same fort. He announced that Mankamana ordered him to put an end to Janga Bahadur's injustice and establish democracy. A group was formed under his leadership. This group In 1932, Lakhan Thapa was declared as the Prime Minister and Jaisingh Chumi as the Commander-in-Chief. After learning this, an army came from Kathmandu and Lakhan Thapa and his group were arrested and executed in front of the Mankamana temple. This revolt was the first revolt against the Rana. Thus, Lakhan Thapa contributed to the establishment of democracy in Nepal.

 

 

3. What kind of people are called martyrs?

 

Answer 👉: A person who sacrifices his life for the welfare of the country and the people is called a martyr.

 

 

4. What inspiration can we get from martyrdom? Write in short.

 

Answer 👉: The contribution of the martyrs to end the autocratic rule and establish democracy and democracy has been unforgettable. The democratic republic was established due to the contribution of martyrs. Therefore, we can get inspiration from martyrs that we should be able to contribute to the progress of Nepal and Nepali people. We can also get inspiration from the martyrs that we should always remember the contribution of the martyrs and follow the good path shown by them and always work for the national interest.

 

 

5. Discuss the contribution made by Dharmabhakta Mathema for the attainment of democracy.

 

Answer 👉 : The devout Mathema participated in the anti-English movement during his studies in India. After returning to Nepal after completing his studies, he started teaching exercises to King Tribhuvan and some Ranas. Praja Parishad was established to end the Rana rule and bring democracy. He is one of the founders of Praja Parishad. He was an active participant in every activity of Praja Parishad. He was arrested on the charge of opposing the Ranas and was accused of V. No. On the night of January 13, 1997, he was hanged. In this way, regardless of his life, Mathema, a devotee of religion, contributed to the attainment of democracy.

 

 

Lesson 5

A democratic republic and its achievements

 

Answers

 

1. Why is Democracy Day celebrated in Nepal?

 

Answer 👉 : V.No. Democracy Day is celebrated in Nepal to commemorate the establishment of democracy on May 11 as a result of the people's movement of 2062, 2063.

 

 

2. How is the country governed in a democracy? write

 

Answer 👉: In a democracy, the government of the country operates on the basis of the consent of the representatives elected by the people.

 

 

3. Write the characteristics of a democratic republic.

 

Answer 👉 : People's children can be the head of state, periodic elections, people's representatives are the rulers, building an egalitarian society, protection of civil rights and freedom etc. are the characteristics of a democratic republic.

 

 

4. Why do you like democratic republic? Justify your opinion by giving reasons.

 

Answer 👉: Republic is a system where the children of the people can be the head of state. A republic is a system in which people's representatives should be the rulers of the country, periodic elections are held, people's representatives make policies and rules for the country, and people's rights are protected. That's why I like democratic republics.

 

 

5. Write the difference between monarchy and republic.

 

Answer 👉: In a monarchy, any person becomes the head of the nation based on birth. When one reaches the highest position by birth, one can become autocratic. It is a rule that the children of the people of the republic can become the head of state. People's representative should be the ruler of the country, periodical election is a system of republic.

 

 

  

Lesson 6

Civilizations of Greece and Rome

 

Answers

 

1. What is civilization? Write with examples.

 

Answer: Civilization is the collective form of everything created by humans from the past to the present. Language, songs, music, buildings, roads, art, knowledge etc. are aspects of human civilization. Indus Valley Civilization, Nile River Civilization, Roman Civilization etc. are examples of civilizations.

 

 

2. What did the ancient Greek city-states do to expand mutual relations?

 

Answer 👉 : Ancient Greek city-states started the Olympic games to expand mutual relations.

 

 

3. The people of ancient Rome were more knowledgeable about different places than others What is the reason for getting so much information?

 

Answer 👉: The Roman civilization developed after the Greek civilization weakened. Because of the policy of expanding the Roman Empire, the people of ancient Rome may have had more information about different places than others.

 

 

4. Write the effects of ancient Greek and Roman civilizations on the modern world.

 

Answer 👉: The following are the effects of ancient Greek and Roman civilizations on the present world:-

(A) The beginning of literature and history writing is the contribution of this civilization.

(b) This civilization has contributed to the development of sculpture and architecture.

(c) The start of elections and the start of the Olympic Games are the effects of this civilization.

(d) The concepts of democracy, republic, freedom, citizenship, constitution etc. have developed from this civilization.

 

 

5. Discuss the literature and art of ancient Greece.

 

Answer 👉: Ancient Greeks made good progress in literature and art. Homer, who wrote epics like 'Odyssey' and 'Iliad', is a great poet of Greek literature. Similarly, Hesoid is another great poet. Aeschylus and Euripides were the dramatists of that time. Herodotus, who wrote the history of the 'Persian War', is known as the 'Father of History'. Sculpture and architecture were also well developed in this civilization. The statue of Athena, the statue of Zeus and the Parthenian Temple were masterpieces of sculpture and architecture.

 

 

6. 'Greek is called the mother of philosophy.' Why do you agree with this statement? Present the points of agreement.

 

Answer 👉 : 'Greek is called the mother of philosophy.' Following are the points of agreement with the statement:-

(a) Socrates expressed the opinion that anything should be proved on the basis of evidence and not by interpretation.

(b) Plato, a disciple of Socrates, spread public awareness by writing the book 'Republic'.

(c) Plato's disciple Aristotle spread awareness through science, logic and philosophy.

(d) Socrates, Plato and Aristotle are famous Greek philosophers. The philosophies they imparted at that time are still relevant today.

 

 

 

Lesson 7

Indus Valley Civilization

 

 

1. When and where was the Indus Valley civilization developed? Write in short.

 

Answer 👉: Human civilization developed on the banks of the Indus River in ancient times. Currently this place belongs to Pakistan. The human civilization that developed on the banks of the Indus River is known as the Indus Valley Civilization. It is also called the Indus Valley Civilization.

 

 

2. How did cities develop in the Indus Valley Civilization?

 

Answer: Two places named Mohenjodado and Harappa were excavated under the Indus Valley Civilization. Mohenjodado was located on the banks of Indus River and Harappa Ravi River. Streets, drains, bathrooms, auditoriums and other buildings were built systematically in both these places. There were also two storied houses made of baked bricks in this place. There was also a sewage system in both cities.

 

 

3. Compare the life of the people in the Indus Valley civilization with the life of the people of present day Nepal.

 

Answer 👉: The life of the people in the Indus Valley civilization was civilized and magnificent. Both cities in this valley were organized and equipped. The economic condition of the people here was good. The people here were involved in works such as art, farming, animal husbandry, weaving clothes, and sea trade. The daily life of people in Nepal is becoming dependent day by day. There is a lack of organized and well-equipped cities. The economic situation is also not satisfactory. Foreign employment has developed as the main source of income. Although farming is the main occupation, there is a compulsion to import food in large quantities.

 

 

4. Discuss the religious beliefs of the people of the Indus Valley.

 

Answer 👉 : People of Indus Valley used to worship idols. Similarly, the people here were also priests of nature. They also worshiped animals like snakes, pigeons, goats and bulls. There was a tradition of taking the corpse to the river bank for cremation. The body was cremated by burning or burying it.

 

 

 

Lesson 8

Renaissance and its influence

 

 

1. Write the meaning of renaissance.

 

Answer 👉 : The word reawakening which is made up of reawakening and reawakening literally means to wake up or wake up again. In ancient times, education, culture, art, civilization and language developed in Europe. From the 6th century to the 13th century, there was a decline in civilization and progress due to the violation of civil rights due to superstition and religious fanaticism. From the fourteenth century, the ancient education, culture, art, and scientific research began again. From this time, new discoveries and inventions were made and knowledge was reborn, this is called the renaissance.

 

 

2. What was the condition of Europe before the Renaissance? Discuss.

 

Answer 👉: Before the Renaissance, the situation in Europe was very dark. Therefore, the period after antiquity and before the renaissance is also called the dark period. At this time, superstition was spreading everywhere. Citizens' rights were violated due to religious fanaticism. There was a decline in ancient civilization and civilization.

 

 

3. How did the renaissance begin? write

 

Answer 👉: After superstition and religious fanaticism became too much, around the fourteenth century, the ancient education, culture, art, and scientific research started again. It gradually led to new discoveries and inventions and the rebirth of knowledge began. This is how the renaissance began.

 

 

4. What would have happened if there had been no renaissance? discuss

don't

 

Answer: If there was no renaissance, superstition and religious bigotry would have become more widespread in Europe. Because of this, new inventions and art and culture did not get a chance to bloom again. It would have affected not only Europe but the entire world.

 

 

5. What achievements were made in the fields of science and exploration during the Renaissance period?

 

Answer 👉: During the renaissance period, many achievements were achieved in the field of science and exploration. Famous scientists like Nicolas, Gilvert, Galileo and Newton and mathematicians like Kepler and Nipier continued to make a huge contribution. Nicholas proposed the theory that the sun does not rotate, while Galileo proposed the telescope and Newton proposed the theory of gravity. Columbus discovered America and Marco Polo discovered China.

 

 

6. Discuss the literary works created during the Renaissance period.

 

Answer: During the Renaissance, the Italian poet Dante wrote an epic poem called Divine Comedy, discussing the evil deeds of the Pope, priests and feudal lords. Similarly, Erasmus spread public awareness against the superstitions and social evils of the society by composing an epic poem called The Praise of the Fully. Poet Spenser introduced modernity in poetic literature.