Unit 3: Civic Awareness, Duties, and Rights
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Unit - 3
पाठ १
संविधानको परिचय
This unit discusses the importance of civic awareness in building a responsible and harmonious society. It emphasizes understanding one's duties, such as obeying laws, paying taxes, and contributing to the community, alongside the rights guaranteed by the state, like freedom, equality, and justice.
By balancing duties and rights, citizens can actively participate in democratic processes, ensuring collective progress and the development of a just and equitable society.
१. संविधानको परिचय लेख्नुहोस् ।
Answer 👉 : राज्यको संरचना, राज्य सञ्चालन प्रक्रिया, शासन सञ्चालन गर्ने तरिका लगायतका विभिन्न विषय समेटिएको देशको मूल कानुनलाई संविधान भनिन्छ ।
२. ' संविधान देशको मूल कानुन हो ।' भन्ने भनाइलाई पुष्टि गर्नुहोस् ।
Answer 👉 : संविधानमा राज्यको संरचना निर्धारणलगायत राज्य सञ्चालन प्रक्रिया कस्तो हुने र कसरी शासन सञ्चालन गर्ने भन्ने विषय समेटिएको हुन्छ । नागरिकको अधिकार तथा दायित्व निर्धारण गर्ने र हक तथा अधिकार सुरक्षित गर्ने काम संविधानमा गरिएको हुन्छ । संविधानको आधारमा नै देशका अन्य कानुनको निर्माण गरिएको हुन्छ । संविधानसँग बाझिएको कानुन अमान्य वा बदर हुन्छ । तसर्थ संविधान देशको मूल कानुन हो ।
३. नेपालको संविधान कसरी कसरी निर्माण भएका थिए ?
Answer 👉 : नेपालमा पहिलो पटक वि.सं. २००४ मा संविधान बनेको थियो भने अहिले कार्यान्वयनमा रहेको संविधान २०७२ असोज ३ गते जारी भएको हो । नेपालको विभिन्न समयमा निर्माण भएका संविधानहरू आयोग बनाएर, समिति बनाएर र संविधान सभाबाट निर्माण भएका थिए ।
४. ' संविधान सभाबाट निर्माण गरिएको संविधानमा जनताको अपनत्व रहन्छ ।' प्रष्ट पार्नुहोस्।
Answer 👉 : संविधान सभामा सबै जाति, भाषा, धर्म, क्षेत्र, लिङ्ग आदिको प्रतिनिधित्व सुनिश्चित गरिएको हुन्छ । संविधान सभाको गठन जनताबाट निर्वाचित प्रतिनिधिका आधारमा हुन्छ । जनताबाट निर्वाचित भएका जनप्रतिनिधिले निर्माण गरी लागु गर्ने भएकाले यसमा जनअपेक्षा समेटिने विश्वास गरिन्छ । तसर्थ संविधान सभाबाट निर्माण गरिएको संविधानमा जनताको अपनत्व रहन्छ ।
५. संविधानको पालना गर्नु हाम्रो कर्तव्य हो, किन ? आफ्ना विचारहरू राख्नुहोस् ।
Answer 👉 : नेपालको संविधान २०७२ संविधान सभाबाट निर्माण भई लागु भएको संविधान हो । यसमा जनताको अपनत्व रहेको छ। यसमा देशलाई शान्तिसुव्यवस्था कायम गर्ने, राज्य सञ्चालन गर्ने, सरकार सञ्चालन गर्ने लगायत जनताको हक अधिकारको पनि व्यवस्था गरिएको छ । सबै जाति, धर्म, वर्ग, लिङ्ग र क्षेत्रको सहभागितासहितको समावेशी शासन व्यवस्थालाई अवलम्बन गरिएको छ । समृद्ध नेपाल सुखी नेपालीको अभियान सफल पारी नेपाललाई शान्त र सुन्दर तथा विकसित देश बनाउन सबैले संविधानको पालना गर्नु कर्तव्य हो ।
पाठ २
सङ्घीय संसद्
१. नेपालको सङ्घीय संसद्को गठन प्रक्रिया उल्लेख गर्नुहोस् ।
Answer 👉 : नेपालको सङ्घीय संसद्को गठन प्रक्रिया :-
(क) प्रतिनिधि सभा :- पहिलो हुने निर्वाचित हुने निर्वाचन प्रणालीबाट निर्वाचित १६५ जना र समानुपातिक निर्वाचन प्रणालीबाट निर्वाचित हुने ११० जना गरी जम्मा २७५ जना सांसद्, एक जना सभामुख र एक जना उपसभामुख रहने।
(ख) राष्ट्रिय सभा :- प्रत्येक प्रदेशबाट आठ जनाका दरले निर्वाचित हुने ५६ जना, नेपाल सरकारको सिफारिसमा राष्ट्रपतिबाट मनोनित ३ जना गरी ५९ जना सदस्य, एक जना अध्यक्ष र एक जना उपाध्यक्ष रहने । यसरी नेपालको सङ्घीय संसद्को गठन हुन्छ ।
२. राष्ट्रिय सभा र प्रतिनिधि सभाको समानता र असमानताबिच तुलना गर्नुहोस् ।
Answer 👉 : समानता : दुवै नेपालका सङ्घीय संसद् हुन् । दुवैले कानुन निर्माण गर्ने, सरकारका काम कारबाहीको निगरानी गर्ने काम गर्छ । दुवैको कार्य जनभावनाअनुसार अघि बढ्नु हो ।
असमानता : प्रतिनिधि सभाको गठनमा जनताको प्रत्यक्ष सहभागिता रहन्छ भने राष्ट्रिय सभाको गठनमा रहँदैन । प्रतिनिधि सभाले प्रधानमन्त्री छनोट गर्छ भने राष्ट्रिय सभाले गर्दैन ।
३. सङ्घीय संसद्ले गर्ने कार्यहरूको सूची तयार गर्नुहोस्।
Answer 👉 : सङ्घीय संसद्ले गर्ने कार्यहरू :-
- सङ्घीय कानुनहरू निर्माण गर्ने
- प्रतिनिधिसभाले प्रधानमन्त्रीको छनोट गर्ने
- सरकारले गरेका सन्धि सम्झौता अनुमोदन गर्ने
- देशका वार्षिक बजेट पारित गर्ने
- सरकारका काम कारबाहीको निगरानी र नियन्त्रण गर्ने
- आवश्यक परेमा संविधान संशोधन गर्ने
४. सङ्घीय संसद्बाट कानुन बन्ने प्रक्रिया समावेश गरी संवाद तयार गर्नुहोस् ।
Answer 👉 : सीता र गीता सङ्घीय संसद्मा कानुन बन्ने प्रक्रियाका बारेमा छलफल गरिरहेका छन् । सुनौँ यी दुईबिचको कुराकानी : :-
सीता : कानुन बन्नका लागि त विभिन्न प्रक्रिया रहेका छन् । सुरुको प्रक्रियाका बारेमा केही बताउन तिमीले ।
गीता : संसद्मा सर्वप्रथम छलफलका लागि मस्यौदा विधेयक प्रस्तुत गरिन्छ । यो विधेयक कुनै पनि सदनमा पेस गर्न सकिन्छ । यसरी पेस गरिएको मस्यौदा विधेयकमाथि सांसद्हरूबाट छलफल गरिन्छ ।
सीता : संसद्मा सांसद्हरूले छलफल गरेपछि आवश्यक परे संशोधनसहित बहुमतबाट पारित गरिन्छ र अर्को सदनमा पठाइन्छ । होइन त ? गीता !
गीता : हो त नि, अर्को सदनले पनि पारित गरेपछि राष्ट्रपतिसमक्ष पेस गरिन्छ । राष्ट्रपतिले प्रमाणीकरण गरेपछि उक्त मस्यौदा विधेयक कानुन बन्छ र लागु हुन्छ ।
सीता : यति भएपछि कानु बन्ने प्रक्रिकाको बारेमा स्पष्ट बनियो ।
गीता : हो त नि, अब शिक्षकले सोधे पनि फरक पर्दैन । राम्ररी देशका वार्षिक बजेट पारित गर्ने
आवश्यक परेमा संविधान संशोधन गर्ने दिन सकिन्छ । सीता : ल, छिटो छिटो जाऊँ ढिलो हुन्छ फेरि । (दुवै छिटो छिटो हिड्छन् ।)
सरकारका काम कारबाहीको निगरानी र नियन्त्रण गर्ने
आवश्यक परेमा संविधान संशोधन गर्ने दिन सकिन्छ । सीता : ल, छिटो छिटो जाऊँ ढिलो हुन्छ फेरि । (दुवै छिटो छिटो हिड्छन् ।)
५. प्रतिनिधिसभाको सभामुख र उपसभामुख तथा राष्ट्रिय सभाको अध्यक्ष र उपाध्यक्ष छनोट गर्दा किन फरक लिङ्गको हुनुपर्ने व्यवस्था गरिएको होला ? आफ्ना विचार प्रस्तुत गर्नुहोस् ।
Answer 👉 : प्रतिनिधिसभाको सभामुख र उपसभामुख तथा राष्ट्रिय सभाको अध्यक्ष र उपाध्यक्ष छनोट गर्दा फरक लिङ्गको हुनुपर्ने व्यवस्था गरिएको छ । मेरो विचारमा यसो गर्नुको मुख्य कारण समावेशी बनाउन खोजिएको हो । नेतृत्व तहमा महिला सहभागिता सुनिश्चित गर्नका लागि यो व्यवस्था गरिएको हो ।
पाठ - ३
सङ्घीय सरकार
१. सङ्घीय सरकार कसको नेतृत्वमा गठन हुन्छ ?
Answer 👉 : सङ्घीय सरकार प्रधानमन्त्रीको नेतृत्वमा गठन हुन्छ ।
२. नेपालमा कति तहका सरकार छन् ? तिनीहरू कुन कुन हुन् ?
Answer 👉 : नेपालमा तीन तहका सरकार छन् । तिनीहरू निम्न छन् :-
(क) सङ्घीय सरकार (ख) प्रदेश सरकार (ग) स्थानीय सरकार
३. नेपालको कार्यकारिणी अधिकार कसमा निहित हुन्छ ?
Answer 👉 : नेपालको कार्यकारिणी अधिकार सङ्घीय सरकार अर्थात् नेपाल सरकारमा निहित हुन्छ।
४. सङ्घीय सरकारको गठनका आधारहरू उल्लेख गर्नुहोस् ।
Answer 👉 : सङ्घीय सरकारको गठनका आधारहरू निम्न छन् :-
- प्रतिनिधि सभाको बहुमत प्राप्त गर्ने संसदीय दलको नेतालाई राष्ट्रपतिले प्रधानमन्त्रीमा नियुक्ति गर्ने
- माथिको दुवै आधारमा सरकार बन्न नसकेमा वा सरकारले विश्वासको मत प्राप्त गर्न नसकेमा संसद्को सबैभन्दा ठुलो दलको संसदीय दलको नेतालाई प्रधानमन्त्रीमा नियुक्त गर्न सक्ने
- माथिका कुनै पनि आधारमा सरकार गठन हुन नसकेमा बहुमत जुटाउन सक्ने जुनसुकै प्रतिनिधि सभा सदस्य प्रधानमन्त्रीमा नियुक्त हुन सक्ने
- प्रतिनिधि सभामा कुनै दलको बहुमत नभएमा दुई वा दुईभन्दा बढी दलको समर्थनम बहुमत प्राप्त गर्ने प्रतिनिधिसभाको सदस्यलाई राष्ट्रपतिले प्रधानमन्त्रीमा नियुक्त गर्ने
५. सङ्घीय सरकारका कार्यहरू जनमुखी हुनुपर्छ, आफ्ना तर्कहरू प्रस्तुत गर्नुहोस् ।
Answer 👉 : जनताद्वारा निर्वाचित प्रतिनिधिहरूको संस्था प्रतिनिधिसभा हो । प्रतिनिधिसभाले सङ्घीय सरकारको गठन गर्छ । देशमा शान्ति सुरक्षा कायम गर्ने, दैनिक प्रशासनलाई प्रभावकारी रूपमा सञ्चालन गर्ने, देशका बजेट तयार गरी कार्यान्वयन गर्ने, ठुला विकास निर्माणका कार्य र परियोजनाहरू सञ्चालन गर्ने लगायतका कार्य सङ्घीय सरकारले गर्दछ । सङ्घीय सरकारले जनमुखी र जनपक्षीयकार्य गर्न नसकेमा निर्वाचनका माध्यमबाट अर्को विकल्प खोज्ने अधिकार जनतामा निहित रहेको हुन्छ । तसर्थ सङ्घीय सरकारका कार्यहरू जनमुखी हुनुपर्छ ।
पाठ - ४
न्यायपालिका
१. न्यायपालिका भनेको के हो ?
Answer 👉 : राज्यका तीनओटा अङ्गमध्ये अन्यायमा परेका व्यक्तिलाई न्याय दिने र कानुनको रक्षा गर्ने राज्यको महत्वपूर्ण अङ्ग न्यायपालिका हो । यसले संविधान र कानुनको व्याख्या गर्ने र कानुन उल्लङ्घन गर्ने व्यक्तिलाई सजायसमेत दिन्छ ।
२. नेपालमा कति तहका अदालत छन् ? प्रत्येकको परिचय दिनुहोस् ।
Answer 👉 : नेपालमा सर्वोच्च अदालत, उच्च अदालत र जिल्ला अदालत गरी तीन तहका अदालत छन् । यिनीहरूको सङ्क्षिप्त परिचय :-
सर्वोच्च अदालत :- अभिलेख अदालतका रूपमा समेत चिनिने सर्वोच्च अदालत माथिल्लो तहको अदालत हो । अन्य सबै अदालत यसैको मातहतमा रहने गर्दछ । संविधान र कानुनको व्याख्या गर्ने अन्तिम अधिकार सवोच्च अदालतमा रहेको हुन्छ ।
उच्च अदातल :- प्रत्येक प्रदेशमा एउटा उच्च अदालत रहेको हुन्छ । नेपालमा सातओटा उच्च अदालत रहेका छन् । मौलिक हकको संरक्षणका लागि आदेश जारीव गर्ने र पुनरावेदन सुन्ने काम यसले गर्दछ ।
जिल्ला अदालत :- नेपालको प्रत्येक जिल्लामा एउटा जिल्ला अदालत हुन्छ । स्थानीय स्तरका न्यायिक निकाय यसको मातहतमा रहने गर्दछ। स्थानीय स्तरका न्यायिक निकायले गरेका निर्णयको पुनरावेदन सुन्ने गर्छ।
३. न्यायपालिकाले गर्ने प्रमुख कार्यहरूको सूची तयार गर्नुहोस् ।
Answer 👉 : न्यायपालिकाले गर्ने प्रमुख कार्यहरू निम्न छन् :-
(क) कानुनअनुसार नागरिकलाई न्याय प्रदान गर्ने
(ख) मुद्दाहरू फैसला गरी अपराधीलाई सजाय दिने
(ग) संविधान र कानुनको व्याख्या गर्ने
(घ) मौलिक हक र अधिकारको संरक्षण गर्ने
(ङ) कानुन उल्लङ्घन गर्ने व्यक्तिलाई सजाय दिने
(च) बन्दी प्रत्यक्षीकरण, परमादेशलगायतका आदेश जारी गर्ने
(छ) परामर्श दिने र आफू मातहतका अदालत र न्यायिक निकायको सुपरिवेक्षण गर्ने ।
४. न्यायपालिकालाई स्वतन्त्र र निष्पक्ष राख्न के के गर्नुपर्ला, सुझाव दिनुहोस् ।
Answer 👉 : न्यायपालिकालाई स्वतन्त्र र निष्पक्ष राख्न निम्न कार्य गर्नुपर्छ :-
(क) न्यायाधीसमा योग्य व्यक्तिको छनोट गर्ने
(ख) न्यायधीस नियुक्ति गर्दा राजनीतिक नियुक्ति नगर्ने
(ग) राजनीति गर्ने व्यक्तिलाई न्यायाधीस तथा न्यायिक निकायमा नराख्ने
(घ) अदालतमा हुने भ्रष्टाचार अन्त्य गर्ने ।
पाठ - ५
समावेशीकरण
१. समावेशीकरण भनेको के हो ?
Answer 👉 : समावेशीकरण भनेका सार्वजनिक निकाय र सरोकारका क्षेत्रमा एवम् सामाजिक गतिविधिमा समाजका सबै वर्ग, क्षेत्र, लिङ्ग, अपाङ्गतालगायतका विधि पक्षहरूलाई सहभागी गराउने तथा समेट्ने प्रक्रिया हो ।
२. राज्यका हरेक क्षेत्रलाई समावेशी बनाउन के के उपायहरू अपनाउनुपर्छ, उल्लेख गर्नुहोस् ।
Answer 👉 : राज्यका हरेक क्षेत्रलाई समावेशी बनाउन निम्न उपायहरू अपनाउनुपर्छ :-
(क) राज्यका सबै निकायमा समानुपातिक प्रतिनिधित्व सुनिश्चित गर्ने
(ख) पिछडिएका क्षेत्र र वर्गको स्थान सुरक्षित गर्ने
(ग) विकास निर्माण कार्यमा सबैको सहभागिता सुनिश्चित गर्ने
(घ) राजनीतिक स्थिरता कायम गर्ने
(ङ) शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य, रोजगारलगायतका क्षेत्रमा अवसर वृद्धि गर्ने
(च) सामाजिक न्यायको अनुभूति दिलाउने ।
३. समावेशीकरणको आवश्यकता पर्नुका कारणहरू उल्लेख गर्नुहोस् ।
Answer 👉 : समावेशीकरणका आवश्यकता पर्नुका कारणहरू :-
(क) शासन व्यवस्थामा सबैको सम्मानजनक प्रतिनिधित्व सुनिश्चित गर्न
(ख) समानुपातिक विकासमा सहयोग गर्न
(ग) सामाजिक न्याय कायम गर्न
(घ) राष्ट्रिय एकता र अखण्डता कायम गर्न
(ङ) सामाजिक सद्भाव कायम ।
४. सकारात्मक विभेद भन्नाले के बुझिन्छ ?
Answer 👉 : सकारात्मक विभेद भन्नाले आर्थिक, सामाजिक, राजनीतिक दृष्टिकोणले पछि परेका जाति, वर्ग, क्षेत्र र समुदायका लागि राज्यका तर्फबाट गरिने विशेष व्यवस्था भन्ने बुझिन्छ । महिला, दलित, अपाङ्ग, जनजाति, मधेसी आदिका लागि आरक्षणको व्यवस्था गर्नु सकारात्मक विभेद हो ।
५. विभिन्न जाति र समुदायको भाषिक तथा धार्मिक पहिचानलाई सम्मान गर्न नेपालको संविधानमा के कस्तो व्यवस्था रहेको छ ? उल्लेख गर्नुहोस् ।
Answer 👉 : विभिन्न जाति र समुदायको भाषिक तथा धार्मिक पहिचानलाई सम्मान गर्न नेपालको संविधानमा नेपाललाई बहुजातीय, बहुभाषिक, बहुधार्मिक, बहुसांस्कृतिक विशेषता भएको राष्ट्रको रूपमा परिभाषित गरिएको छ । त्यस्तै नेपालमा बोलिने सबै मातृभाषालाई राष्ट्रभाषा भनिएको छ । नेपाललाई धर्मनिरपेक्ष राष्ट्रको रूपमा लिइएको छ ।
६. 'समावेशीताले सबै वर्ग, जातजाति, धर्म, क्षेत्र, लिङ्गका व्यक्तिको आफ्नो पहिचान र सम्मान कायम हुन्छ ।' यस भनाइलाई उदाहरणसहित पुष्टि गर्नुहोस् ।
Answer 👉 : समावेशीताले सकारात्मक विभेदको नीति अवलम्बन गरेको हुन्छ । यस नीतिले गर्दा आर्थिक, सामाजिक र राजनीतिक रूपमा पछि परेका वा पारिएका वर्ग, जाति, धर्म, क्षेत्र, लिङ्गका व्यक्तिले अवसर प्राप्त गर्दछन् । उनीहरू राष्ट्रको मूलधारमा समाहित हुन्छन् । यसले गर्दा उनीहरूको पहिचान कायम हुन्छ । आफू र आफ्नो समुदायप्रति सम्मानको अनुभूति हुन्छ । सामाजिक सद्भाव कायम हुनुका साथै अपनत्वको भावना विकास भई राष्ट्रिय एकता कायम हुन जान्छ। समावेशीताले गर्दा नेपालका हरेक जाति, वर्ग, धर्म, क्षेत्र र लिङ्गको पहिचान र सम्मान कायम भएको छ । तसर्थ समावेशीताले सबै वर्ग, जातजाति, धर्म, क्षेत्र, लिङ्गका व्यक्तिको आफ्नो पहिचान र सम्मान कायम हुन्छ ।
पाठ - ६
लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र
१. लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र भन्नाले के बुझिन्छ ?
Answer 👉 : संसारमा भएका विभिन्न शासन व्यवस्थामध्येको सबैभन्दा उत्कृष्ट शासन व्यवस्था नै लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र । यसमा आवधिक निर्वाचनका माध्यमबाट जनताले आफूले छानेका प्रतिनिधिहरूले शासन गर्छन् र उनीहरूले जनभावनाअनुसार काम गर्ने अपेक्षा गरिन्छ ।
२. नेपालमा लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्रको स्थापना कहिले भएको हो ?
Answer 👉 : नेपालमा लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्रको स्थापना वि.सं. २०६५ जेठ १५ गते भएको हो ।
३. लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्रलाई संस्थागत गर्न नागरिकले कस्तो भूमिका निर्वाह गर्नुपर्छ ? उल्लेख गर्नुहोस् ।
Answer 👉 : लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्रलाई संस्थागत गर्न यसका सैद्धान्तिक पक्षलाई व्यवहारिक रूपमा समेत कार्यान्वयन गर्नु जरुरी रहेको हुन्छ । सबैमा लोकतान्त्रिक संस्कारको विकास हुनु आवश्यक छ । नागरिक शिक्षा एवम् चेतनाका माध्यमबाट आम नागरिक आफ्ना अधिकार र कर्तव्यप्रति सजग हुनपर्छ । जिम्मेवारी र कर्तव्य पूरा गर्नुका साथै अधिकारको खोजी गर्नुपर्छ । योग्य र सक्षम व्यक्तिलाई मतदान गरी प्रतिनिधिका रूपमा छनोट गर्नुपर्छ ।
४. लोकतान्त्रिक शासनलाई किन जनताले, जनताद्वारा, जनताका लागि गरिने शासन भनिएको होला ? आफ्ना विचार प्रस्तुत गर्नुहोस् ।
Answer 👉 : लोकतन्त्रमा जनताद्वारा छनोट भएका जनप्रतिनिधिले शासन व्यवस्था सञ्चालन गर्दछन् । यस व्यवस्थामा जनताको सर्वोपरी हितलाई ध्यानमा राखेर शासन सञ्चालन गरिन्छ । जनताले आवधिक निर्वाचनका माध्यमबाट प्रत्येक पाँच पाँच वर्षमा जनप्रतिनिधि छनोट गर्ने भएकाले पनि जनपक्षीय काम हुने अपेक्षा गरिएको हो । यस व्यवस्थामा राष्ट्रप्रमुखको छनोटसमेत जनताले गर्दछन् । तसर्थ लोकतान्त्रिक शासनलाई जनताले जनताद्वारा जनताका लागि गरिने शासन भनिएको हो ।
पाठ - ७
सुशासन
१. सुशासन भनेको के हो ?
Answer 👉 : सुशासन भनेको जनताको हितमा समर्पित र जनताप्रति Answer 👉 दायी शासन हो । असल, उत्कृष्ट र जनअपेक्षाअनुसारको विधिको शासन नै सुशासन हो ।
२. सेवा प्रवाह भन्नाले के बुझिन्छ ?
Answer 👉 : सेवा प्रवाह भन्नाले सरकारले जनतालाई उपलब्ध गराउने वस्तु तथा सुविधालाई बुझिन्छ।
३. देशमा सुशासनको आवश्यकता किन पर्छ ?
Answer 👉 : कानुनी राज्यको पालना र विधिको शासन स्थापना गर्न, भ्रष्टाचार नियन्त्रण गर्न, सार्वजनिक सेवामाथि नागरिकको अधिकार सुनिश्चित गर्न, साधन स्रोतको न्यायोचित वितरण गर्न, विकास निर्माणमा जनसहभागिता वृद्धि गर्न, नागरिकलाई निष्पक्ष र प्रभावकारी रूपमा सेवा प्रवाह गर्न सुशासनको आवश्यकता पर्छ ।
४. सेवा प्रवाह गर्दा कुन कुन कुरामा ध्यान दिनुपर्छ ? उल्लेख गर्नुहोस् ।
Answer 👉 : सेवा प्रवाह गर्दा निम्न कुरामा ध्यान दिनुपर्छ --
(क) सेवाग्राहीलाई पर्याप्त छनोटको अवसर दिनुपर्छ ।
(ख) गुणस्तरीय र पहुँचयोग्य हुनुपर्छ ।
(ग) सामजिक न्यायमा आधारित हुनुपर्छ।
(घ) नागरिक वडापत्र राखेको हुनुपर्छ ।
(ङ) कामहरू छिटोछरितो सम्पादन गर्नुपर्छ ।
५. “सुशासन र सेवा प्रवाहमा राष्ट्रसेवक कर्मचारीको भूमिका महत्वपूर्ण हुन्छ ।” पुष्टि गर्नुहोस् ।
Answer 👉 : देशमा सार्वजनिक सेवा उपलब्ध गराने दायित्व सरकारको हुन्छ । राज्यबाट नागरिकलाई विकासका पूर्वाधार, शान्तिसुरक्षा, वस्तु र सेवाको आपूर्ति, मानवीय विकास तथा कल्याणकारी सेवा उपलब्ध हुन्छन् । सुशासनको प्रत्याभूति दिलाई सेवा प्रवाहलाई चुस्त दुरुस्त, भरपर्दो, पारदर्शी र जनमुखी बनाउने काम सरकारको हो । यसका लागि सरकारले राष्ट्रसेवक कर्मचारीको व्यवस्था गरेको हुन्छ । कर्मचारी नै जनतासँग प्रत्यक्ष उपस्थित भई सुशासनको प्रत्याभूति दिलाउँदै सेवा प्रवाह गर्न लागिपर्ने भएकाले सुशासन र सेवा प्रवाहमा राष्ट्रसेवक कर्मचारीको भूमिका महत्वपूर्ण हुन्छ ।
Lesson 1
Introduction to the Constitution
1. Write an introduction to the constitution.
Answer 👉 : The basic law of the country, which covers various topics including the structure of the state, the state management process, the way of governance, is called the constitution.
2. 'Constitution is the basic law of the country.' Confirm the statement.
Answer 👉: The constitution covers the issues of determining the structure of the state and how the state will be run and how to run the government. Determining the rights and responsibilities of citizens and securing rights and rights are done in the constitution. Other laws of the country are made on the basis of the constitution. A law that conflicts with the constitution is invalid or void. Therefore, the constitution is the basic law of the country.
3. How was the constitution of Nepal created?
Answer 👉 : For the first time in Nepal The constitution was made in 2004, while the current constitution was promulgated on October 3, 2072. The constitutions of Nepal that were created at different times were created by forming a commission, forming a committee and forming a constituent assembly.
4. 'The people's ownership of the constitution created by the Constituent Assembly remains.' make it clear
Answer 👉: Representation of all races, languages, religions, regions, gender etc. is ensured in the Constituent Assembly. Constituent Assembly is formed on the basis of representatives elected by the people. It is believed that the people's expectations will be included in it because it will be created and implemented by the people's representatives elected by the people. Therefore, the people's ownership of the constitution created by the Constituent Assembly remains.
5. It is our duty to follow the constitution, why? Keep your thoughts.
Answer 👉 : Constitution of Nepal 2072 is a constitution created and implemented by Constituent Assembly. It has the ownership of the people. It also provides for the rights of the people including maintaining law and order in the country, running the state, and running the government. An inclusive governance system with the participation of all castes, religions, classes, genders and regions has been adopted. It is the duty of everyone to follow the constitution to make Nepal a peaceful, beautiful and developed country by making the campaign of prosperous Nepal happy Nepali successful.
Lesson 2
Federal Parliament
1. Mention the formation process of federal parliament of Nepal.
Answer 👉 : Formation process of Federal Parliament of Nepal :-
(a) House of Representatives:- There will be 275 MPs, one speaker and one deputy speaker, consisting of 165 people elected by the first-come, first-served election system and 110 people elected by the proportional election system.
(b) National Assembly:- 56 members elected at the rate of eight from each province, 59 members including 3 nominated by the President on the recommendation of the Government of Nepal, one chairman and one vice chairman. This is how the Federal Parliament of Nepal is formed.
2. Compare the similarities and differences between the National Assembly and the House of Representatives.
Answer 👉: Similarity: Both are federal parliaments of Nepal. Both work to create laws and monitor government activities. The task of both is to move forward according to public opinion.
Inequality: People have direct participation in the formation of the House of Representatives, but not in the formation of the National Assembly. The House of Representatives chooses the Prime Minister while the National Assembly does not.
3. List the functions of the Federal Parliament.
Answer 👉 : Functions of Federal Parliament :-
Making federal laws
The House of Representatives chooses the Prime Minister
Approve the treaty agreements made by the government
To pass the annual budget of the country
To monitor and control the activities of the government
Amend the constitution if necessary
4. Prepare a dialogue including the process of making laws through the federal parliament.
Answer 👉 : Sita and Geeta are discussing the process of making a law in the federal parliament. Let's listen to the conversation between these two: :-
Sita: There are different processes to become a law. Tell us something about the initial process.
Geeta: The draft bill is first presented for discussion in the parliament. This bill can be introduced in either house. The draft bill submitted in this way is discussed by the MPs.
Sita: After discussion by the MPs in the Parliament, it is passed by the majority with amendments if necessary and sent to the next house. Isn't it? Gita!
Geeta: Yes, after the other House also passes it, it is submitted to the President. After the approval of the President, the draft bill becomes a law and comes into effect.
Sita: After that, it became clear about the process of making Kanu.
Geeta: Yes, now it doesn't matter if the teacher asks. Properly pass the annual budget of the country
To monitor and control the activities of the government
If necessary, the constitution can be amended. Sita: Well, hurry up, it will be late again. (Both walk quickly.)
5. Why is it arranged that the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives and the Speaker and Vice Speaker of the National Assembly should be of different genders? Present your thoughts.
Answer 👉: There is a provision that the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives and the Speaker and Vice Speaker of the National Assembly should be of different genders. In my opinion, the main reason for doing this is to make it inclusive. This provision is made to ensure women's participation at the leadership level.
Lesson - 3
Federal Government
1. Federal government is formed under whose leadership?
Answer: The federal government is formed under the leadership of the Prime Minister.
2. How many levels of government are there in Nepal?
Which ones are they?
Answer: There are three levels of government in Nepal. They are as follows:-
(a) Federal Government (b) State Government (c) Local Government
3. Who is the executive authority of Nepal?
Answer 👉: The executive authority of Nepal is vested in the federal government i.e. the government of Nepal.
4. Mention the basis of formation of federal government.
Answer 👉: The bases of formation of federal government are as follows:-
The President appoints the leader of the parliamentary party that gets the majority of the House of Representatives as the Prime Minister
If the government cannot be formed on both the above grounds or if the government cannot get a vote of confidence, the leader of the parliamentary party of the largest party in the parliament can be appointed as the prime minister.
If the government cannot be formed on any of the above grounds, any member of the House of Representatives who can secure a majority can be appointed as the Prime Minister
If no party has a majority in the House of Representatives, the President appoints the member of the House of Representatives who obtains the majority with the support of two or more parties as the Prime Minister.
5. The actions of the federal government should be people-oriented, present your arguments.
Answer 👉 : The body of representatives elected by the people is the House of Representatives. The House of Representatives forms the federal government. The federal government is responsible for maintaining peace and security in the country, running the day-to-day administration effectively, preparing and implementing the country's budget, and conducting major development works and projects. If the federal government is unable to act in a people-oriented and pro-people manner, the people have the right to find another alternative through elections. Therefore, the actions of the federal government should be people-oriented.
Lesson - 4
Judiciary
1. What is the judiciary?
Answer 👉: Out of the three organs of the state, the judiciary is the most important organ of the state that gives justice to the people who have been wronged and protects the law. It also punishes those who interpret the constitution and laws and violate the laws.
2. How many levels of courts are there in Nepal? Introduce each one.
Answer: There are three levels of courts in Nepal namely Supreme Court, High Court and District Court. Brief introduction of them:-
Supreme Court:- The Supreme Court, also known as the Record Court, is the highest level court. All other courts are subordinate to it. The Supreme Court has the final authority to interpret the constitution and laws.
High Court:- There is a High Court in each province. There are seven high courts in Nepal. It issues orders and hears appeals for the protection of fundamental rights.
District Court :- There is one district court in each district of Nepal. Local level judicial bodies are subordinated to it. It hears appeals from decisions made by local level judicial bodies.
3. Prepare a list of the main functions of the judiciary.
Answer: The following are the major functions of the judiciary:-
(a) Providing justice to citizens according to law
(b) Adjudicating cases and punishing offenders
(c) To interpret the constitution and laws
(d) Protecting fundamental rights and entitlements
(e) To punish persons who violate the law
(f) Issuance of writs of arrest, writs, etc
(g) Giving advice and supervising the courts and judicial bodies under him.
4. Suggest what should be done to keep the judiciary independent and impartial.
Answer 👉: To keep the judiciary independent and impartial, the following should be done:-
(a) Selection of qualified persons as Judges
(b) No political appointments while appointing judges
(c) Not to place politicians in judges and judicial bodies
(d) To end corruption in the courts.
Lesson - 5
incorporation
1. What is inclusion?
Answer 👉: Inclusion is the process of involving and including legal aspects of all classes, regions, genders, disabilities, etc.
2. Mention what measures should be taken to make every region of the state inclusive.
Answer 👉: The following measures should be taken to make every region of the state inclusive:-
(a) To ensure proportional representation in all bodies of the State
(b) To secure the place of backward sections and classes
(c) Ensuring the participation of all in development work
(d) To maintain political stability
(e) To increase opportunities in the fields of education, health, employment etc
(f) To create a sense of social justice.
3. Mention the reasons why inclusion is needed.
Answer 👉 : Reasons for need of inclusion :-
(a) To ensure respectful representation of all in governance
(b) To assist in proportionate development
(c) To maintain social justice
(d) To maintain national unity and integrity
(e) Maintaining social harmony.
4. What is meant by positive discrimination?
Answer 👉: Positive discrimination means special arrangements made by the state for castes, classes, regions and communities that are backward from an economic, social, and political point of view. Provision of reservation for women, Dalits, disabled, tribals, Madhesi etc. is positive discrimination.
5. What kind of provision is there in the constitution of Nepal to respect the linguistic and religious identity of different castes and communities? Mention.
Answer 👉 : To respect the linguistic and religious identity of different castes and communities
In the Constitution of Nepal, Nepal is defined as a nation with multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-religious and multi-cultural characteristics. Similarly, all mother tongues spoken in Nepal are called national languages. Nepal is considered as a secular country.
6. 'Inclusion maintains the identity and respect of people of all classes, castes, religions, regions and genders.' Confirm this statement with an example.
Answer: Inclusion follows the policy of positive discrimination. Due to this policy, economically, socially and politically backward or marginalized people of class, caste, religion, region, gender get opportunities. They are included in the mainstream of the nation. Due to this, their identity is maintained. A feeling of respect for oneself and one's community. Along with maintaining social harmony, the sense of belonging is developed and national unity is maintained. Due to inclusiveness, the identity and respect of every caste, class, religion, region and gender of Nepal has been maintained. Therefore, inclusiveness maintains the identity and respect of people of all classes, castes, religions, regions, and genders.
Lesson - 6
Democratic Republic
1. What is meant by democratic republic?
Answer 👉 : Among the various governance systems in the world, the best governance system is the democratic republic. In this, the people are governed by their elected representatives through periodic elections and they are expected to act according to the will of the people.
2. When was the democratic republic established in Nepal?
Answer 👉 : Establishment of democratic republic in Nepal It happened on 15th May 2065.
3. What role should citizens play to institutionalize a democratic republic? Mention.
Answer 👉: In order to institutionalize the democratic republic, it is necessary to implement its theoretical aspects in a practical manner as well. It is necessary to develop democratic culture in everyone. Common citizens should be aware of their rights and duties through civic education and awareness. In addition to fulfilling responsibilities and duties, rights should be sought. Qualified and capable people should be elected as representatives by voting.
4. Why is democratic governance called governance by the people, by the people, for the people? Present your thoughts.
Answer 👉: In a democracy, people's representatives elected by the people run the governance system. In this system, governance is conducted keeping in mind the paramount interest of the people. It is expected that people's work will be done in favor of the people because the people choose their representatives every five years through periodic elections. In this system, the people also choose the head of state. Therefore, democratic governance is said to be the governance of the people by the people for the people.
Lesson - 7
good governance
1. What is good governance?
Answer 👉 : Good governance is a government dedicated to the welfare of the people and answer 👉 accountable to the people. Good governance is the rule of law that is good, excellent and according to people's expectations.
2. What is meant by service delivery?
Answer: Service delivery refers to the goods and facilities provided by the government to the public.
3. Why is there a need for good governance in the country?
Answer: Good governance is needed to establish rule of law and rule of law, to control corruption, to ensure the rights of citizens over public services, to distribute resources fairly, to increase public participation in development, to provide services to citizens in a fair and efficient manner.
4. What should you pay attention to while providing the service? Mention.
Answer 👉 : The following should be taken into account while providing the service --
(a) Adequate choice should be given to the consumers.
(b) Must be of good quality and accessible.
(c) should be based on social justice.
(d) Citizens must have charter.
(e) Works should be completed quickly.
5. "The role of national service employees is important in good governance and service delivery." Confirm.
Answer: The government has the responsibility of providing public services in the country. Development infrastructure, peace and security, supply of goods and services, human development and welfare services are available to citizens from the state. It is the government's job to ensure good governance and make service delivery agile, reliable, transparent and people-oriented. For this, the government has arranged for national service employees. The role of national service employees in good governance and service delivery is important as the employees are the ones who have to be directly present with the people and provide services by guaranteeing good governance.
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